Studio sulle caratteristiche strutturali, attività ipoglicemica in vitro e meccanismi regolatori dei polisaccaridi di Alpinia oxyphylla nella modulazione del microbiota intestinale umano
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Keywords
Abstract
Il presente studio ha confrontato sistematicamente polisaccaridi di Alpinia oxyphylla (AOFP-HH, AOFP-AHP, AOFP-ANF) estratti mediante tre diverse tecniche: alta pressione e alta temperatura (HH), alta pressione e alta temperatura assistita da acido (AHP) e fermentazione con Aspergillus niger (ANF), al fine di elucidare la relazione tra struttura, attività biologica e regolazione del microbiota.
Il metodo HH ha favorito una disposizione ordinata delle catene di β-1,3-glucano in uno stato semicristallino (picco XRD a 32°) e la formazione di strutture lamellari ripiegate (osservate in SEM), determinando la massima attività ipoglicemizzante (inibizione dell'α-amilasi: 97,08%; inibizione dell'α-glucosidasi: 59,43%). Il meccanismo chiave coinvolge l'integrità dei legami glicosidici β-1,3 e il contenuto di acido galatturonico (11,74%), che sinergicamente potenziano l'attività attraverso effetti sterici e legami idrogeno. Il metodo AHP, a causa della scissione acido-mediata dei legami glicosidici, ha prodotto strutture amorfe a basso peso molecolare (1,03 kDa) con attività marcatamente ridotta. Il metodo ANF ha generato frammenti a medio peso molecolare (1,14 kDa) tramite idrolisi enzimatica, mantenendo un'elevata inibizione dell'α-amilasi (95,5%).
Tutti gli AOFP hanno promosso significativamente la produzione precoce di butirrato (resa a 12h: 0,055–0,061 mmol/L, il doppio del gruppo di controllo), con il gruppo HH che ha mantenuto una concentrazione di butirrato di 0,076 mmol/L a 48h (doppia rispetto al gruppo blank). I polisaccaridi hanno aumentato specificamente l'abbondanza di Firmicutes (gruppo HH: 65,2%) e la proliferazione di Ligilactobacillus (2,1 volte superiore), ottimizzando la funzione di barriera intestinale. Il gruppo ANF ha incrementato in modo peculiare l'abbondanza di Fusobacteriota, suggerendo un potenziale immunomodulatorio. Le diverse tecniche di lavorazione hanno guidato selettive vie metaboliche microbiche attraverso differenze conformazionali (ad esempio, HH/AHP hanno potenziato la sintesi precoce di butirrato).
Per applicazioni nell'industria alimentare, l'AOFP-HH ottenuto con il metodo HH combina un'elevata attività ipoglicemizzante e stabilità strutturale, rappresentando un additivo funzionale ideale. Il meccanismo di interazione unico con il microbiota del metodo ANF fornisce nuovi spunti per lo sviluppo di probiotici personalizzati. Nel complesso, questi risultati pongono le basi teoriche per la progettazione precisa di polisaccaridi di Alpinia oxyphylla e la loro applicazione nella prevenzione e nel trattamento delle malattie metaboliche.
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Shi, F., Yan, X., Cheong, K.-L., Liu, Y. 2018. Extraction, purification, and characterization of polysaccharides from marine algae Gracilaria lemaneiformis with anti-tumor activity. Process Biochemistry. 73: 197–203. 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.08.011
Shi, W., Zhong, J., Zhang, Q., Yan, C. 2020. Structural characterization and antineuroinflammatory activity of a novel heteropolysaccharide obtained from the fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla. Carbohydrate Polymers. 229: 115405. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115405
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Chen, L., Liu, J., Ge, X., Xu, W., Chen, Y., Li, F., et al. 2019. Simulated digestion and fermentation in vitro by human gut microbiota of polysaccharides from Helicteres angustifolia L. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 141: 1065–1071. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.073
Cheng, C., Sun, M., Wang, L., Wang, H., Li, L., Yang, Q., et al. 2024. Zein and soy polysaccharide encapsulation enhances probiotic viability and modulates gut microbiota. LWT. 210: 116827. 10.1016/j.lwt.2024.116827
Chi, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, G., Gao, Y., Ye, H., Gao, J., et al. 2018. Effect of extraction techniques on properties of polysaccharides from Enteromorpha prolifera and their applicability in iron chelation. Carbohydrate Polymers. 181: 616–623. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.104
El-Gendi, H., Abu-Serie, M.M., Kamoun, E.A., Saleh, A.k., El-Fakharany, E.M. 2023. Statistical optimization and characterization of fucose-rich polysaccharides extracted from pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) along with antioxidant and antiviral activities. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 232: 123372. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123372
Ge, C.-C., Li, X.-Y., Qiao, W.-H., Cui, C., Wang, J., Gongpan, P., et al. 2024. BACE1 inhibitors from the fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla have efficacy to treat T2DM-related cognitive disorder. Fitoterapia. 178: 106157. 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106157
Huang, K., Lin, M., Hsu, Y., Lu, I.H., Pan, I.H., Yang, J.L., et al. 2019. Alpinia oxyphylla fruit extract ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through the regulation of Th1/Th17 Cells. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2019: 6797030. 10.1155/2019/6797030
Jiang, L., Wang, W., Wen, P., Shen, M., Li, H., Ren, Y., et al. 2020. Two water-soluble polysaccharides from mung bean skin: Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Food Hydrocolloids. 100: 105412. 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105412
Kac̆uráková, M., Capek, P., Sasinková, V., Wellner, N., Ebringerová, A. 2000. FT-IR study of plant cell wall model compounds: Pectic polysaccharides and hemicelluloses. Carbohydrate Polymers. 43(2): 195–203. 10.1016/S0144-8617(00)00151-X
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Li, H., Li, C., Xu, Y., Cao, H., Wang, X., He, J. 2025. Ultrasonic-assisted alkali extraction of quinoa polysaccharides: Yield and structural characterization. Journal of Cereal Science. 122: 104108. 10.1016/j.jcs.2025.104108
Li, X., and Wang, L., 2016. Effect of extraction method on structure and antioxidant activity of Hohenbuehelia serotine polysaccharides. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 83: 270–276. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.060
Li, Y., Zhou, X., and Fang, Z., 2024. Fang Zhaohui’s clinical experience in treating diabetic nephropathy with Yizhiren (Alpinia oxyphylla seeds). Clinical Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 36(7): 1256–1259. 10.16448/j.cjtcm.2024.0714
Liberato, M.V., Prates, E.T., Gonçalves, T.A., Bernardes, A., Vilela, N., Fattori, J., et al. 2021. Insights into the dual cleavage activity of the GH16 laminarinase enzyme class on β-1,3 and β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 296: 100385. 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100385
Lin, Y., Wu, J., Xiong, B., Wang, L., Zeng, Z., Zheng, B., et al. 2025. Effect of digestive properties and gut microbiota structure of steam-exploded Laminaria japonica polysaccharide: In vitro dynamic human gastrointestinal systems. LWT. 225: 117866. 10.1016/j.lwt.2025.117866
Liu, C., Bai, J., Yang, S., Shi J., Qin Y., Wu D., et al. 2024. Optimization of acid extraction process for Hovenia dulcis polysaccharides and investigation of its physicochemical properties and-antioxidant activities. Food and Fermentation Industries. 50(9): 148–156. 10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.035439
Liu, Z., Wang, M., Li, J., Zhao, Z., Wang, Z., Hu, Y., et al. 2025. Sulfated polysaccharide from Hizikia fusiforme selectively utilized by Bacteroides caccae and regulates its metabolite profile during in vitro fermentation. Food Bioscience. 69: 106816. 10.1016/j.fbio.2025.106816
Pan, L., Tu, Y., Li, Y., Wei, Z., Liu, L., Zhang, A., et al. 2025. Physicochemical analysis and hypoglycemic potential of Tremella aurantialba polysaccharides. Food and Fermentation Industries. 1–13. 10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041529
Park, C.L., Kim, J.H., Jeon, J.S., Lee, J. H., Zhang, K., Guo, S., et al. 2022. Protective effect of Alpinia oxyphylla fruit against tert--butyl hydroperoxide-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells via Nrf2 activation and free radical scavenging and its active molecules. Antioxidants. 11: 1032. 10.3390/antiox11051032
Qian, J.-Y., Chen, W., Zhang, W.-M., Zhang, H. 2009. Adulteration identification of some fungal polysaccharides with SEM, XRD, IR and optical rotation: A primary approach. Carbohydrate Polymers. 78(3): 620–625. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.05.025
Ruan, X., 2021. Study on bioactive components of Alpinia-oxyphylla from Guangxi and product development. Nanchang: Nanchang University. 10.27232/d.cnki.gnchu.2021.003672
Shang, H., Chen, S., Li, R., Zhou, H., Wu, H., Song, H. 2018. Influences of extraction methods on physicochemical characteristics and activities of Astragalus cicer L. polysaccharides. Process Biochemistry. 73: 220–227. 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.07.016
Shi, F., Yan, X., Cheong, K.-L., Liu, Y. 2018. Extraction, purification, and characterization of polysaccharides from marine algae Gracilaria lemaneiformis with anti-tumor activity. Process Biochemistry. 73: 197–203. 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.08.011
Shi, W., Zhong, J., Zhang, Q., Yan, C. 2020. Structural characterization and antineuroinflammatory activity of a novel heteropolysaccharide obtained from the fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla. Carbohydrate Polymers. 229: 115405. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115405
Song, H., Zhang, Y., Huang, Q., Wang, F., Wang, L., Xiong, L., et al. 2025. Extraction optimization, purification, characterization, and hypolipidemic activities of polysaccharide from pumpkin. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 141907. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.141907
Song, J., Wu, Y., Ma, X., Feng, L., Wang, Z., Jiang, G., et al. 2020. Structural characterization and α-glycosidase inhibitory-activity of a novel polysaccharide fraction from Aconitum coreanum. Carbohydrate Polymers. 230: 115586. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115586
Sun, Y., Zeng, H., Huang, J., Zhao, Y., Cai, J., Sun, S., et al. 2025. Isolation, purification, structural characterization and in vitro hypolipidemic activity of Wuzhuyu polysaccharides. Science and Technology of Food Industry. 1–18 [2025-03-17]. 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024070437
Tang, Y., Wei, Z., He, X., Ling, D., Qin, M., Yi, P., et al. 2024. A comparison study on polysaccharides extracted from banana flower using different methods: Physicochemical characterization, and antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 264(1): 130459. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130459
Wang, L., Liu, H.-M., and Qin, G.-Y., 2017. Structure characterization and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Chinese quince seed meal. Food Chemistry. 234: 314–322. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.05.002
Wang, M., Hu, J., You, F., Ma, F., Peng, Y., Zhu, S., et al. 2025. Structural characteristics, in vitro activities, and gut microbiota regulatory mechanism of Alpinia oxyphylla oligosaccharides. Science and Technology of Food Industry. 1–17 [2025-10-24]. 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060074
Wang, R., Chen, P., Jia, F., Tang, J., Ma, F. 2012. Optimization of polysaccharides from Panax japonicus C.A. Meyer by RSM and its anti-oxidant activity. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 50(2): 331–336. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.12.023
Wang, X., Yan, H., Xu, Y., Li, D., Bao, Y., Dai, Z. 2024. Stability during colonic digestion and modulatory effects on fecal microbiota of different modified lutein nanoliposomes. Science and Technology of Food Industry. 45(16): 376–383. 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023090276
Xiang, H., Wen, W., Xu, P., Qiu, H., Chu, C., Shao, Q., et al. 2024. Inhibition mechanism of α-glucosidase by three geranylated compounds: Kinetic, spectroscopic and molecular docking. Process Biochemistry. 136: 237–244. 10.1016/j.procbio.2023.11.034
Yang, W., Su, L., Wang, L., Wu, J., Chen, S. 2022. Alpha-glucanotransferase from the glycoside hydrolase family synthesizes α(1–6)-linked products from starch: Features and synthesis pathways of the products. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 128: 160–172. 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.08.001
Yang, X., 2020. Structural characteristics and immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides from Alpinia oxyphylla. Haikou: Hainan University. 10.27073/d.cnki.ghadu.2020.001252
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Apr 1, 2026
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Wu, J., Li, J., Ma, F. ., Huang, S. ., Ye, . X., Yang, M., Yang, H. ., Peng, . Y., Zhu, siming, & wang, M. (2026). Studio sulle caratteristiche strutturali, attività ipoglicemica in vitro e meccanismi regolatori dei polisaccaridi di Alpinia oxyphylla nella modulazione del microbiota intestinale umano. Italian Journal of Food Science, 38(2), 71–93. https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v38i2.3430
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Come citare
Wu, J., Li, J., Ma, F. ., Huang, S. ., Ye, . X., Yang, M., Yang, H. ., Peng, . Y., Zhu, siming, & wang, M. (2026). Studio sulle caratteristiche strutturali, attività ipoglicemica in vitro e meccanismi regolatori dei polisaccaridi di Alpinia oxyphylla nella modulazione del microbiota intestinale umano. Italian Journal of Food Science, 38(2), 71–93. https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v38i2.3430