Rapid detection of adulteration in powdered camel milk using ATR-IR spectroscopy and chemometrics
Main Article Content
Keywords
Adulteration; Camel milk powder; Chemometrics; MIR; PLSR
Abstract
As global interest in camel milk rises because of its nutritional benefits, it is increasingly processed into powder to increase shelf life and transport. However, adulteration with cow milk powder poses a serious food safety issue. This study developed multivariate models using attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) to detect adulteration in camel milk powder with cow milk powder. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was applied after pre-processing, which included Savitzky–Golay (SG) smoothing (first and second derivatives) and multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), to quantify adulteration levels ranging from 0% (control) to 50% (w/w). Preprocessing techniques, including SG smoothing (first and second derivatives) and multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), enhanced model performance. Calibration achieved an R² of ≥99.6% and RMSE <0.93, while cross-validation yielded an R² of ≥99.3% and RMSE <1.35. External validation confirmed the model’s reliability with R² >98% and RMSE <1.8. Deviations remained low across all adulteration levels, even at higher concentrations (≈0.76–0.90 for 40%). These results demonstrate that ATR-FTIR spectroscopy combined with PLSR offers a rapid, nondestructive, and reliable method for detecting adulteration in camel milk powder, making it a valuable tool for quality control in the dairy industry.
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Hayes, Elena, Derek Greene, Colm O’Donnell, Norah O’Shea, Mark A. Fenelon. 2023. Spectroscopic technologies and data fusion: Applications for the dairy industry. Front. Nutr. 9 (January). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1074688
Hernanda, Reza Adhitama Putra, Juntae Kim, Mohammad Akbar Faqeerzada, Hanim Zuhrotul Amanah, Byoung-Kwan Cho, Moon S. Kim, Insuck Baek, Hoonsoo Lee. 2025. Rapid and noncontact identification of soybean flour in edible insect using NIR spectral imager: A case study in protaetia brevitarsis seulensis powder. FC. 169(March): 111019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2024.111019
Ho, Thao M., Zhengzheng Zou, Nidhi Bansal. 2022. Camel milk: A review of its nutritional value, heat stability, and potential food products. Food Res. Int. 153: 110870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110870
Hussain, Humaira, Feroza Hamid Wattoo, Muhammad Hamid Sarwar Wattoo, Muhammad Gulfraz, Tariq Masud, Imam Shah, Sakhawat Ali, Seyed Ebrahim Alavi. 2021. Camel milk as an alternative treatment regimen for diabetes therapy. Food Res. Int. 9(3): 1347–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2078
Konuspayeva, Gaukhar, and Bernard Faye. 2021. Recent advances in camel milk processing. Animals. 11(4): 1045. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11041045
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Ait El Alia, O., El Orche , A. ., Kaddouri, M., Boukrouh, S. . ., Elmrabet, A., Bouhrim, M. ., A. Nasr , F. ., Al-Zharani , M., Qurtam , A. A., & Boutoial, K. (n.d.). Rapid detection of adulteration in powdered camel milk using ATR-IR spectroscopy and chemometrics. Italian Journal of Food Science. Retrieved November 8, 2025, from https://itjfs.com/index.php/ijfs/article/view/3188
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Ait El Alia, O., El Orche , A. ., Kaddouri, M., Boukrouh, S. . ., Elmrabet, A., Bouhrim, M. ., A. Nasr , F. ., Al-Zharani , M., Qurtam , A. A., & Boutoial, K. (n.d.). Rapid detection of adulteration in powdered camel milk using ATR-IR spectroscopy and chemometrics. Italian Journal of Food Science. Retrieved November 8, 2025, from https://itjfs.com/index.php/ijfs/article/view/3188