The impact of nutritional FoPL on Slovak consumer behavior: Insights from online Eye Tracking and FaceReader analysis
Main Article Content
Keywords
consumer behavior; eye tracking; emotions; FaceReader; labeling; nutrition
Abstract
Promoting a healthy lifestyle is a primary objective for governments and the food sector, targeting increasing obesity rates through efficacious interventions. One method involves employing Front-of-Pack Labeling (FoPL) to convey explicit nutritional information. The primary objective of this study was to examine consumer reactions to determine their views toward clear information on FoPL, evaluating the effects both explicitly and implicitly through eye-tracking and face-reading technologies. A survey evaluated preferences for cereals, yoghurt, and protein bars, evaluating visual attention and emotional responses before and after the introduction of two types of FoPLs. The study concludes that nutritional labeling can effectively promote healthier eating habits, especially for cereals and protein bars.
References
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Egnell, M., Talati, Z., Hercberg, S., Pettigrew, S. and Julia, C., 2018., Objective understanding of front-of-package nutrition labels: An international comparative experimental study across 12 countries. Nutrients. 10(10):1542. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101542
Egnell, M., Talati, Z., Galan, P., Andreeva, V.A., Vandevijvere, S., Gombaud, G., et al., 2020. Objective understanding of the Nutri-score front-of-pack label by European consumers and its effect on food choices: An online experimental study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 17(1): 146. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01053-z
Fialon, M., Serafini, M., Galan, P., Kesse-Guyot, E., Touvier, M., Deschasaux-Tanguy, M., et al., 2022. Nutri-score and NutrInform battery: Effects on performance and preference in Italian consumers. Nutrients. 14(17): 3511. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173511
Fialon, M., Babio, N., Salas-Salvadó, J., Galan, P., Kesse-Guyot, E., Touvier, M., et al., 2023. Comparative understanding and preference of Nutri-Score and NutrInform battery in a sample of Spanish consumers. European Journal of Public Health. 33(2): 293–298. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckad002
Gabor, A.M., Stojnić, B. and Ban Ostić, D., 2020. Effects of different nutrition labels on visual attention and accuracy of nutritional quality perception—Results of an experimental eye-tracking study. Food Quality and Preference. 84: 103948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.103948
Gažárová, M. and Lenártová, P., 2024. Efektivita využitia Nutri-Score ako nástroja Front-of-Pack Labelling (FOPL) pri výbere zdravších variantov potravín (Effectiveness of using Nutri-Score as a Front-of-Pack Labelling (FOPL) tool in selecting healthier food options). Nitra: Slovak University of Agriculture.
Ghosh, R.K., Sanghvi, R. and Sahay, A., 2023. Consumer preference for nutrition front-of-pack-label formats in India: Evidence from a large-scale experimental survey. Food Quality and Preference. 111: 104993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2023.104993
Goettker, A. and Gegenfurtner, K.R., 2021. A change in perspective: The interaction of saccadic and pursuit eye movements in oculomotor control and perception. Vision Research. 188: 283–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2021.08.004
Graham, D.J., Lucas-Thompson, R.G. and Slejko, G., 2023. The role of front-of-package nutrition labels with and without explanatory videos on parent and child food choices. Nutrients. 15(18): 4082. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15184082
He, J., Mazzù, M.F. and Baccelloni, A., 2023. A 20-country comparative assessment of the effectiveness of Nutri-Score vs. NutrInform battery front-of-pack nutritional labels on consumer subjective understanding and liking. Nutrients. 15(13): 2852. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15132852
Hessels, R.S., Kemner, C., van den Boomen, C. and Hooge, I.T.C., 2016. The area-of-interest problem in eyetracking research: A noise-robust solution for face and sparse stimuli. Behavior Research Methods. 48(4): 1694–1712. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0676-y
Höfling, T.T.A. and Alpers, G.W., 2023. Automatic facial coding predicts self-report of emotion, advertisement and brand effects elicited by video commercials. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 17: 1125983. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1125983
Holmqvist, K., 2011. Eye tracking: A comprehensive guide to methods and measures. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Horská, E., Mušinská, K., Nagyová, L., Košovská, I. and Fuga, V., 2021. Healthy and innovative food versus Slovak consumer. Proceedings from The 2021 International Scientific Conference Economic Sciences for Agribusiness and Rural Economy, Warsaw. 5: 50–55. https://doi.org/10.22630/ESARE.2021.5.6
Ikonen, I., Sotgiu, F., Aydinli, A. and Verlegh, P.W.J., 2020. Consumer effects of front-of-package nutrition labeling: An interdisciplinary meta-analysis. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. 48: 360–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-019-00663-9
Laffan, K., Sunstein, C. and Dolan, P., 2024. Facing it: Assessing the immediate emotional impacts of calorie labelling using automatic facial coding. Behavioural Public Policy. 8(3): 572–589. https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2021.32
Landmann, E., 2023. I can see how you feel—Methodological considerations and handling of Noldus’s FaceReader software for emotion measurement. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 197: 122889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122889
Lang, P.J. and Davis, M., 2006. Emotion, motivation, and the brain: Reflex foundations in animal and human research. Progress in Brain Research. 156: 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(06)56001-7
Lobstein, T. and Davies, S., 2009. Defining and labelling “healthy” and “unhealthy” food. Public Health and Nutrition. 12(3): 331–340.
Loijens L. and Krips, O., 2013. Facereader methodology. Noldus Information Technology, Wageningen.
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Rusková, A., Berčík, J., Tkáč, F., & Neomániová, K. (2025). The impact of nutritional FoPL on Slovak consumer behavior: Insights from online Eye Tracking and FaceReader analysis. Italian Journal of Food Science, 37(3), 144-159. https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v37i3.2899
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Rusková, A., Berčík, J., Tkáč, F., & Neomániová, K. (2025). The impact of nutritional FoPL on Slovak consumer behavior: Insights from online Eye Tracking and FaceReader analysis. Italian Journal of Food Science, 37(3), 144-159. https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v37i3.2899