Inhaled and ingested smoke: The health effects of tobacco and smoked foods
Main Article Content
Keywords
Tobacco, cigarette, health, smoked food, cancer risk
Abstract
In this paper we fulfil our precedent commitment on dangers associated with smoke, not discussed for its com-plexity in a previous paper published on food labels in IJFS n.1, 2025. We structured this final article in two sections: (i) the health effects of tobacco smoking and (ii) the health effects of smoked foods.
References
ALTON. Available from: https://www.ispezioneperugia.it/uni/corsi/prodotti-trasformati-pesce.pdf
AMALTEA. Available from: http://amaltea.vete.unimi.it/docenti/pcattaneo/AGRVET14affumicamento.pdf
Anonymous. Cigarettes and other tobacco products DrugFacts. National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; US Department of Health and Human Services. 2021.
Bittoni MA, Carbone DP, Harris RE. Vaping, smoking and lung cancer risk. J Oncol Res Ther. 2024;9(3):10229. doi: 10.29011/2574-710x.10229
CEIRSA. Available from: https://www.ceirsa.org/elenco.php?codice=FF&anno=0620CIBO360 https://www.cibo360.it/alimentazione/chimica/conservazione/affumicamento.htm
Cerrai S et al, Benedetti E, Colasante E, Scalese M, Gorini G, Gallus S, et al. E-cigarette use and conventional cigarette smoking among European students: Findings from the 2019 ESPAD survey. Addiction. 2022;117:2918–2932. doi: 10.1111/add.15982
CDC. US Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking: A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2004.
Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years’ observations on male British doctors. BMJ. 2004;328:1519. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.AE
EFSA1. Available from: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/it
EFSA2. Available from: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/it/topics/topic/smoke-flavourings#:~:text=L%27EFSA%20pubblica%20una%20guida%20aggiornata%20sui%20dati%20scientifici,o%20la%20modifica%20di%20autorizzazioni%20gi%C3%A0%20in%20essere.
Eurobarometer. Special Eurobarometer 539. Attitudes of Europeans towards tobacco and related products May–June 2023. Available from: https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2995
EUROCARNI L’affumicatura. Eurocarni. 2020;8:118–121.
Gallus S, et al. Stival C, McKee M, Carreras G, Gorini G, Odone A, et al. Impact of electronic cigarette and heated tobacco product on conventional smoking: An Italian prospective cohort study conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Tob Control. 2024;33(2):267–270. doi: 10.1136/tc-2022-057368
Garattini S, Fantozzi P. Product labels and advertising: Are consumers protected or misled? IJFS.
2025;37(1):1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v37i1.2843
GBD. Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2021. 2025. Available from: http://ihmeuw.org/6xca
GBD Tobacco Collaborators. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2021;397(10292):2337–2360. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01169-7
Glantz SA, Nguyen N, Oliveira da Silva AL. Population-based disease odds for e-cigarettes and dual use versus cigarettes. NEJM Evid. 2024;3(3):EVIDoa2300229. doi: 10.1056/EVIDoa2300229
Herzog C, Jones A, Evans I, Raut JR, Zikan M, Cibula D, et al. Cigarette smoking and e-cigarette use induce shared DNA methylation changes linked to carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 2024;84(11):1898–1914. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-23-2957
IARC. IARC monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Volume 100E. A review of human carcinogens—Personal habits and indoor combustions. Lyon, France; 2012.
Joossens L, Olefir L, Feliu A, Fernandez E. The Tobacco Control Scale 2021 in Europe. Smoke Free Partnership; Catalan Institute of Oncology; 2022. [cited 2024 Apr 29]. Available from: https://www.tobaccocontrolscale.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/TCS-Report-2021-Interactive-V4.pdf
Kalkhoran S, Glantz SA. E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4(2):116–128. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00521-4.
Lindson N, Butler AR, McRobbie H, Bullen C, Hajek P, Begh R, et al. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;10(10):CD010216. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub4
LIQUID. Available from: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumo_liquido#cite_note-History-1
Mishra S, Mishra MB. Tobacco: Its historical, cultural, oral, and periodontal health association. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2013;3(1):12–18. doi: 10.4103/2231-0762.115708
Scala M, Dallera G, Gorini G, Achille J, Havermans A, Neto C, et al. Patterns of use of heated tobacco products: A comprehensive systematic review. J Epidemiol. 2025. doi:10.2188/jea.JE20240189
SCUBLA. Available from: https://scublacompany.com/blog/linee-guida-sullaffumicatura/
UNILEV.1. Available from: https://www.unileverfoodsolutions.it/ispirazione-per-gli-chef/le-tecniche-di-cotturaincucina/affumicatura.html#:~:text=Gli%20alimenti%20generalmente%20pi%C3%B9%20trattati%20con%20questa%20tecnica,2%20marinatura%203%20cottura%204%20affumicatura%205%20consumo
UNILEVER 2. Available from: https://www.unileverfoodsolutions.it/ispirazione-per-gli-chef/le-tecniche-di-cottura-in-cucina/affumicatura.html
WHO. World Health Organization Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2021. Addressing new and emerging products. 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/teams/health-promotion/tobacco-control/global-tobacco-report-2021
WHO. World Health Organization: Tobacco, 31 July 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco
AMALTEA. Available from: http://amaltea.vete.unimi.it/docenti/pcattaneo/AGRVET14affumicamento.pdf
Anonymous. Cigarettes and other tobacco products DrugFacts. National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; US Department of Health and Human Services. 2021.
Bittoni MA, Carbone DP, Harris RE. Vaping, smoking and lung cancer risk. J Oncol Res Ther. 2024;9(3):10229. doi: 10.29011/2574-710x.10229
CEIRSA. Available from: https://www.ceirsa.org/elenco.php?codice=FF&anno=0620CIBO360 https://www.cibo360.it/alimentazione/chimica/conservazione/affumicamento.htm
Cerrai S et al, Benedetti E, Colasante E, Scalese M, Gorini G, Gallus S, et al. E-cigarette use and conventional cigarette smoking among European students: Findings from the 2019 ESPAD survey. Addiction. 2022;117:2918–2932. doi: 10.1111/add.15982
CDC. US Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking: A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2004.
Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years’ observations on male British doctors. BMJ. 2004;328:1519. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.AE
EFSA1. Available from: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/it
EFSA2. Available from: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/it/topics/topic/smoke-flavourings#:~:text=L%27EFSA%20pubblica%20una%20guida%20aggiornata%20sui%20dati%20scientifici,o%20la%20modifica%20di%20autorizzazioni%20gi%C3%A0%20in%20essere.
Eurobarometer. Special Eurobarometer 539. Attitudes of Europeans towards tobacco and related products May–June 2023. Available from: https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2995
EUROCARNI L’affumicatura. Eurocarni. 2020;8:118–121.
Gallus S, et al. Stival C, McKee M, Carreras G, Gorini G, Odone A, et al. Impact of electronic cigarette and heated tobacco product on conventional smoking: An Italian prospective cohort study conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Tob Control. 2024;33(2):267–270. doi: 10.1136/tc-2022-057368
Garattini S, Fantozzi P. Product labels and advertising: Are consumers protected or misled? IJFS.
2025;37(1):1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v37i1.2843
GBD. Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2021. 2025. Available from: http://ihmeuw.org/6xca
GBD Tobacco Collaborators. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2021;397(10292):2337–2360. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01169-7
Glantz SA, Nguyen N, Oliveira da Silva AL. Population-based disease odds for e-cigarettes and dual use versus cigarettes. NEJM Evid. 2024;3(3):EVIDoa2300229. doi: 10.1056/EVIDoa2300229
Herzog C, Jones A, Evans I, Raut JR, Zikan M, Cibula D, et al. Cigarette smoking and e-cigarette use induce shared DNA methylation changes linked to carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 2024;84(11):1898–1914. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-23-2957
IARC. IARC monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Volume 100E. A review of human carcinogens—Personal habits and indoor combustions. Lyon, France; 2012.
Joossens L, Olefir L, Feliu A, Fernandez E. The Tobacco Control Scale 2021 in Europe. Smoke Free Partnership; Catalan Institute of Oncology; 2022. [cited 2024 Apr 29]. Available from: https://www.tobaccocontrolscale.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/TCS-Report-2021-Interactive-V4.pdf
Kalkhoran S, Glantz SA. E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4(2):116–128. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00521-4.
Lindson N, Butler AR, McRobbie H, Bullen C, Hajek P, Begh R, et al. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;10(10):CD010216. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub4
LIQUID. Available from: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumo_liquido#cite_note-History-1
Mishra S, Mishra MB. Tobacco: Its historical, cultural, oral, and periodontal health association. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2013;3(1):12–18. doi: 10.4103/2231-0762.115708
Scala M, Dallera G, Gorini G, Achille J, Havermans A, Neto C, et al. Patterns of use of heated tobacco products: A comprehensive systematic review. J Epidemiol. 2025. doi:10.2188/jea.JE20240189
SCUBLA. Available from: https://scublacompany.com/blog/linee-guida-sullaffumicatura/
UNILEV.1. Available from: https://www.unileverfoodsolutions.it/ispirazione-per-gli-chef/le-tecniche-di-cotturaincucina/affumicatura.html#:~:text=Gli%20alimenti%20generalmente%20pi%C3%B9%20trattati%20con%20questa%20tecnica,2%20marinatura%203%20cottura%204%20affumicatura%205%20consumo
UNILEVER 2. Available from: https://www.unileverfoodsolutions.it/ispirazione-per-gli-chef/le-tecniche-di-cottura-in-cucina/affumicatura.html
WHO. World Health Organization Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2021. Addressing new and emerging products. 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/teams/health-promotion/tobacco-control/global-tobacco-report-2021
WHO. World Health Organization: Tobacco, 31 July 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco
Article Sidebar
Published
Apr 24, 2025
Article Details
How to Cite
Garattini, S., Gallus , S. ., & Fantozzi, P. (2025). Inhaled and ingested smoke: The health effects of tobacco and smoked foods. Italian Journal of Food Science, 37(2), 440-450. https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v37i2.3109
Section
Opinion Paper
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright Agreement with Authors
Before publication, after the acceptance of the manuscript, Authors have to sign a Publication Agreement with "Italian Journal of Food Science", granting and assigning to "Italian Journal of Food Science" the perpetual right to distribute the work free of charge by any means and in any parts of the world, including the communication to the public through the journal website.
License for Published Contents
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
How to Cite
Garattini, S., Gallus , S. ., & Fantozzi, P. (2025). Inhaled and ingested smoke: The health effects of tobacco and smoked foods. Italian Journal of Food Science, 37(2), 440-450. https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v37i2.3109