Biological synthesis of iron nanoparticles: characterization and therapeutic potential using Grewia optiva leaf extract
Main Article Content
Keywords
biological activities, bio fabrication, FeCl3, FeNPs, Grewia optiva
Abstract
Grewia optiva leaf extract was used as a reducing and stabilizing agent to create iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) in an eco-friendly manner. Before being extracted in an aqueous solution for 20 min at 100 ºC using Jeldal equipment, the leaves were meticulously dried, washed, and dried again. The extract was used to dissolve iron (III) chloride (FeCl3) to bio-fabricate iron nanoparticles (FeNPs). Temperature, duration, pH, and salt effect were the parameters used to optimize the bio-fabricated FeNPs. It was found that a temperature of 85°C, pH ranging from 6 to 7, and a 24-h duration were ideal for the bio-fabrication of FeNPs. The FeNPs were analyzed through various methods, i.e., Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) for the identification of chemical bonds and functional groups, X-ray diffraction (XRD) for crystalline structure, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for morphological analysis. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the shape and size of the nanoparticles. FeNPs exhibited noteworthy biological potential through their ability to scavenge free radicals and their demonstrated phytotoxic, insecticidal, analgesic, antibacterial, and antipyretic properties. The findings showed that the aqueous extract of Grewia optiva contained FeNPs that could be used to create innovative pharmaceutical and agricultural medicines.
References
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Ahmed, S.H., Hameed, R.S., Yousif, A.M., & Jazar, Z.H. (2023). Studying the antibacterial and insecticidal properties of rosemary extract by iron nanoparticles prepared by using ultrasound. South Asian Research Journal of Applied Medical Sciences, 5(2), 19–25. 10.36346/sarjams.2023.v05i02.001
Akhbari, M., Hajiaghaee, R., Ghafarzadegan, R., Hamedi, S., & Yaghoobi, M. (2019). Process optimisation for green synthesis of zero-valent iron nanoparticles using Mentha piperita. IET Nanobiotechnology, 13(2), 160–169. 10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5040
ALISHA, AS., & Thangapandiyan, S. (2019). Comparative bioassay of silver nanoparticles and malathion on infestation of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 80, 1–10. 10.1186/s41936-019-0124-0
Asad, K., Shams, S., Ibáñez-Arancibia, E., De los Ríos-Escalante, P.R., Badshah, F., Ahmad, F., Khan, M.S., & Khan, A. (2024). Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic potential of chitin and chitosan derived from cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) and termites. Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 15, 80. 10.3390/jfb15030080
Asad, S., Anwar, N., Shah, M., Anwar, Z., Arif, M., Rauf, M., Ali, K., Shah, M., Murad, W., Albadrani, G.M., & Altyar, A.E. (2022). Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Amaryllis vittata (L.) Herit: from antimicrobial to biomedical applications. Materials, 15(16), 5478. 10.3390/ma15165478
Bhuiyan, M.S.H., Miah, M.Y., Paul, S.C., Aka, T.D., Saha, O., Rahaman, M.M., Sharif, M.J.I., Habiba, O., & Ashaduzzaman, M. (2020). Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticle using Carica papaya leaf extract: application for photocatalytic degradation of remazol yellow RR dye and antibacterial activity. Heliyon, 6(8), 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04603
Buarki, F., AbuHassan, H., Al Hannan, F., & Henari, F.Z. (2022). Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Hibiscus rosa sinensis flowers and their antibacterial activity. Journal of Nanotechnology, 2022(1), 5474645. 10.1155/2022/5474645
Chaudhary, P., Sharma, R., Rawat, S., & Janmeda, P. (2023). Antipyretic medicinal plants, phytocompounds, and green nanoparticles: an updated review. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 24(1), 23–49. 10.2174/1389201023666220330005020
Chopra, H., Bibi, S., Mishra, A.K., Tirth, V., Yerramsetty, S.V., Murali, S.V., Ahmad, S.U., Mohanta, Y.K., Attia, M.S., Algahtani, A., & Islam, F. (2022). Nanomaterials: a promising therapeutic approach for cardiovascular diseases. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2022(1), 4155729. 10.1155/2022/4155729
Dash, A., Ahmed, M.T., & Selvaraj, R. (2019). Mesoporous magnetite nanoparticles synthesis using the Peltophorum pterocarpum pod extract, their antibacterial efficacy against pathogens and ability to remove a pollutant dye. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1178, 268–273. 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.10.042
Dastagir, G. & Hussain, F. (2013). Phytotoxic and insecticidal activity of plants of family Zygophyllaceae and Euphorbiaceae. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 29(1), 83–91. 10.5897/jmpr12.539
Demirezen, D.A., Yıldız, Y.Ş., & Yılmaz, D.D. (2019). Amoxicillin degradation using green synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles: Kinetics and mechanism analysis. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 11, 100219. 10.1016/j.enmm.2019.100219
Ebrahiminezhad, A., Zare-Hoseinabadi, A., Berenjian, A., & Ghasemi, Y. (2017). Green synthesis and characterization of zero-valent iron nanoparticles using stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) leaf extract. Green Processing and Synthesis, 6(5), 469–475. 10.1515/gps-2016–0133
Hammad, E.N., Salem, S.S., Mohamed, A.A., & El-Dougdoug, W. (2022). Environmental impacts of ecofriendly iron oxide nanoparticles on dyes removal and antibacterial activity. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 194(12), 6053–6067. 10.1007/s12010-022-04105-1
Hooda, R. & Sharma, M. (2020). Green synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of iron oxide nanoparticles. Plant Archives, 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3808096/v1
Iftikhar, M., Zahoor, M., Naz, S., Nazir, N., Batiha, G.E.S., Ullah, R., Bari, A., Hanif, M. & Mahmood, H.M. (2020). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Grewia optiva leaf aqueous extract and isolated compounds as reducing agent and their biological activities. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2020(1), 8949674. 10.1155/2020/8949674
Jagaran, K. & Singh, M., 2020. Nanomedicine for COVID-19: potential of copper nanoparticles. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, 11(3), 10716–10728. 10.33263/briac113.1071610728
Kalashgarani, M.Y. & Babapoor, A. (2022). Application of nano-antibiotics in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Advances in Applied NanoBio-Technologies, 3(1), 22–35. 10.1016/b978-0-323-91201-3.00008-6
Karpagavinayagam, P. & Vedhi, C. (2019). Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Avicennia marina flower extract. Vacuum, 160, 286–292. 10.1016/j.vacuum.2018.11.043
Keshari, A.K., Srivastava, R., Singh, P., Yadav, V.B. & Nath, G. (2020). Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by Cestrum nocturnum. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 11(1), 37–44. 10.1016/j.jaim.2017.11.003
Keshari, A.K., Srivastava, R., Singh, P., Yadav, V.B., & Nath, G. (2020). Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by Cestrum nocturnum. Journal of Ayurvedic Herbal and Integrative Medicine, 11(1), 37–44. 10.1016/j.jaim.2017.11.003 PMid:30120058.
Khan, D.A., Ali, Z., Iftikhar, S., Amraiz, D., Zaidi, N.U.S.S., Gul, A., & Babar, M.M. (2018). Role of phytohormones in enhancing antioxidant defense in plants exposed to metal/metalloid toxicity. Plants Under Metal and Metalloid Stress: Responses, Tolerance and Remediation, 367–400.
Liu, A., Liu, J., Pan, B., & Zhang, W.X. (2014). Formation of lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) from oxidation of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) in oxygenated water. RSC Advances, 4(101), 57377–57382. 10.1039/c4ra08988j
Mirza, A.U., Kareem, A., Nami, S.A., Khan, M.S., Rehman, S., Bhat, S.A., Mohammad, A., & Nishat, N. (2018). Biogenic synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Agrewia optiva and Prunus persica phyto species: Characterization, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 185, 262–274. 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.06.009
Mofolo, M.J., Kadhila, P., Chinsembu, K.C., Mashele, S., & Sekhoacha, M. (2020). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from extracts of Pechuel-loeschea leubnitziae: their anti-proliferative activity against the U87 cell line. Inorganic Nano-Metal Chemistry, 50(10), 949–955. 10.1080/24701556.2020.1729191
Muthusamy, R., Ramkumar, G., Kumarasamy, S., Chi, N.T.L., Al Obaid, S., Alfarraj, S. & Karuppusamy, I. (2023). Synergism and toxicity of iron nanoparticles derived from Trigonella foenum-graecum against pyrethriod treatment in S. litura and H. armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Environmental Research, 231, 116079. 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116079
Nahari, M.H., Al Ali, A., Asiri, A., Mahnashi, M.H., Shaikh, I.A., Shettar, A.K. & Hoskeri, J. (2022). Green synthesis and characterization of iron nanoparticles synthesized from aqueous leaf extract of vitex leucoxylon and its biomedical applications. Nanomaterials, 12(14), 2404. 10.3390/nano12142404
Naseem, T. & Farrukh, M.A. (2015).Antibacterial activity of green synthesis of iron nanoparticles using Lawsonia inermis and Gardenia jasminoides leaves extract. Journal of Chemistry, 2015(1), 912342. 10.1155/2015/912342
Omidian, H., Babanejad, N., & Cubeddu, L.X. (2023). Nanosystems in cardiovascular medicine: advancements, applications, and future perspectives. Pharmaceutics, 15(7), 1935. 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071935
Păduraru, D.N., Ion, D., Niculescu, A.G., Mușat, F., Andronic, O., Grumezescu, A.M. & Bolocan, A. (2022). Recent developments in metallic nanomaterials for cancer therapy, diagnosing and imaging applications. Pharmaceutics, 14(2), 435. 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020435
Prakash, M., Chandraprabha, M.N., Krishna, R.H., Satish, H., & Kumar, S.G. (2024). Iron oxide nanoparticles for inflammatory bowel disease: Recent advances in diagnosis and targeted drug therapy. Applied Surface Science, 19, 100540. 10.1016/j.apsadv.2023.100540
Priya, Naveen, Kaur, K., & Sidhu, A.K. (2021). Green synthesis: An eco-friendly route for the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles. Frontiers in Nanotechnology, 3, 655062. 10.3389/fnano.2021.655062
Qamar, M., Akhtar, S., Ismail, T., Wahid, M., Barnard, R.T., Esatbeyoglu, T., & Ziora, Z.M. (2021). The chemical composition and health-promoting effects of the Grewia species—A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 13(12), 4565. 10.3390/nu13124565
Roy, A., Singh, V., Sharma, S., Ali, D., Azad, A.K., Kumar, G., & Emran, T.B. (2022). Antibacterial and dye degradation activity of green synthesized iron nanoparticles. Journal of Nanomaterials., 2022(1), 3636481. 10.1155/2022/3636481
Sajid, M. & Płotka-Wasylka, J. (2020). Nanoparticles: Synthesis, characteristics, and applications in analytical and other sciences. Microchemical Journal, 154, 104623. 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104623
Sandhya, J., Veeralakshmi, S., & Kalaiselvam, S. (2021). Tripolyphosphate crosslinked Triticum aestivum (wheatgrass) functionalized antimicrobial chitosan: Ameliorating effect on physicochemical, mechanical, invitro cytocompatibility and cell migration properties. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 39(5), 1635–1644. 10.1080/07391102.2020.1736160
Shah, M., Murad, W., Ur Rehman, N., Halim, S.A., Ahmed, M., Rehman, H., Zahoor, M., Mubin, S., Khan, A., Nassan, M.A., & Batiha, G.E.S. (2021). Biomedical applications of Scutellaria edelbergii Rech. f.: in vitro and in vivo approach. Molecules, 26(12), 3740. 10.3390/molecules26123740
Sulaiman, S., Ahmad, S., Naz, S.S., Qaisar, S., Muhammad, S., Alotaibi, A., & Ullah, R. (2022). Synthesis of copper oxide-based nanoformulations of etoricoxib and montelukast and their evaluation through analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, and acute toxicity activities. Molecules, 27(4), 1433. 10.3390/molecules27041433
Sultana, T., Malik, K., Raja, N.I., Sohail, Hameed, A., Ali, A., Mashwani, Z.U.R., Baloch, M.Y.J. & Alrefaei, A.F. (2023). Phytofabrication, characterization, and evaluation of novel bioinspired selenium–iron (Se–Fe) nanocomposites using Allium sativum extract for bio-potential applications. Green Processing and Synthesis, 12(1), 20230049. 10.1515/gps-2023-0049
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Apr 1, 2025
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Asad, K., Salman Khan, M., Asad, S., Badshah, F., Ibánez-Arancibia, E., Bilal, M., Ahmad Khan, M., De los Ríos-Escalante, P. R., Anjum, S., Badamasi, H., & Tuemmers, C. (2025). Biological synthesis of iron nanoparticles: characterization and therapeutic potential using Grewia optiva leaf extract. Italian Journal of Food Science, 37(2), 134-148. https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v37i2.2832
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How to Cite
Asad, K., Salman Khan, M., Asad, S., Badshah, F., Ibánez-Arancibia, E., Bilal, M., Ahmad Khan, M., De los Ríos-Escalante, P. R., Anjum, S., Badamasi, H., & Tuemmers, C. (2025). Biological synthesis of iron nanoparticles: characterization and therapeutic potential using Grewia optiva leaf extract. Italian Journal of Food Science, 37(2), 134-148. https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v37i2.2832