Metabolomics-guided exploration of Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks. cones for antidiabetic compounds: Integrating in vitro, in silico, in vivo, and histopathological approaches
Main Article Content
Keywords
diabetes mellitus; Pinus wallichiana; GC-MS; antioxidant; molecular docking
Abstract
Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks., also known as Himalayan white pine, is recognized in traditional medicine for its various uses, including diabetes mellitus (DM). Pinus species like Pinus roxburghii (Chir pine) and Pinus gerardiana (Chilgoza pine) have shown promise for antidiabetic properties. This study focuses on the use of edible cones of Pinus wallichiana (P. wallichiana) for the potential management of DM. The methanolic extract of Pinus wallichiana (Pw.Cme) was subjected to Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) analyses, and qualitative phytochemical studies. The Pw.Cme and its derived fractions were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase inhibitory studies, and the identified compounds were docked against enzyme targets, followed by Molecular Dynamics Simulation (MDS) studies. Detailed in vivo antidiabetic and histopathological studies were performed following standard procedures. The GC-MS analysis of Pw.Cme lead to identification of 45 compounds, and the Pinus wallichiana ethyl acetate (Pw.EtAc) fraction exhibited the highest TPC (258.55 mg gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/g) and TFC (63.05 mg quercetin equivalent [QE]/g). In 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays, the respective highest anti-radical activity was observed for Pw.EtAc, as IC50=13.0 µg/mL and 5.3 µg/mL. In enzymes inhibition studies, considerable α-amylase inhibition was observed for Pw.EtAc with IC50=1.98 µg/mL, and IC50=7.2 µg/mL for α-glucosidase. In vivo studies indicated that the administration of Pw.EtAc resulted in a marked decrease in fasting blood glucose levels, hyperlipidemia, and weight loss in diabetic albino mice. Histopathology of vital organs of albino mice, administered with various doses of Pw.EtAc showed a healing effect against alloxan-induced lesions in the heart, pancreas, liver, and kidneys. In conclusion, we can claim that the extract of P. wallichiana cones is rich in many phytocomponents and have potential antidiabetic properties.
References
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Hussain, Fida, Zeeshan Khan, Muhammad Saeed Jan, Sajjad Ahmad, Ashfaq Ahmad, Umer Rashid, Farhat Ullah, Muhammad Ayaz, and Abdul Sadiq. "Synthesis, in-vitro α-glucosidase inhibition, antioxidant, in-vivo antidiabetic and molecular docking studies of pyrrolidine-2, 5-dione and thiazolidine-2, 4-dione derivatives." Bioorganic chemistry 91 (2019): 103128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103128
Ahmad, Shamim I., ed. Diabetes: an old disease, a new insight. Vol. 771. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.
Kodangala, Chandrashekar, Santanu Saha, and Prasanna Kodangala. "Phytochemical studies of aerial parts of the plant Leucas lavandulaefolia." Der Pharma Chemica 2, no. 5 (2010): 434-437.
Kumar, Navin. "Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of leaves of Elaeocarpus sphaericus Roxb. and Pinus wallichiana from Uttarakhand region of India." International Journal of Green Pharmacy (IJGP) 9, no. 4 (2015). https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v9i4.570
Rao, M. Linga, and N. Savithramma. "Phytochemical studies of Svensonia hyderobadensis (walp.) Mold: a rare medicinal plant." (2011): 51-55.http://doi.org/ vol3-iss4/DPL-2011-3-4-51-55.pdf
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Mahnashi, Mater H., Yahya S. Alqahtani, Ali O. Alqarni, Bandar A. Alyami, Muhammad Saeed Jan, Muhammad Ayaz, Farhat Ullah, Umer Rashid, and Abdul Sadiq. "Crude extract and isolated bioactive compounds from Notholirion thomsonianum (Royale) Stapf as multitargets antidiabetic agents: in-vitro and molecular docking approaches." BMC complementary medicine and therapies 21, no. 1 (2021): 270. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-021-03443-7
Maimoona, Alya, Ismat Naeem, Zeb Saddiqe, Niaz Ali, Ghayour Ahmed, and Ismail Shah. "Analysis of total flavonoids and phenolics in different fractions of bark and needle extracts of Pinus roxburghii and Pinus wallichiana." Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5, no. 13 (2011): 2724-2728.
Malviya, Neelesh, Sanjay Jain, and S. A. P. N. A. Malviya. "Antidiabetic potential of medicinal plants." Acta pol pharm 67, no. 2 (2010): 113-118.
Moss, D. W. "Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes." Enzyme 20, no. 1 (1975): 20-34. https://doi.org/10.1159/000458916
Naeem, Ismat, Abida Taskeen, Hifsa Mubeen, and Alya Maimoona. "Characterization of flavonols present in barks and needles of Pinus wallichiana and Pinus roxburghii." Asian Journal of Chemistry 22, no. 1 (2010): 41.
Nawaz, Asif, Abdul Sadiq, Nasreena Bashir, Umer Rashid, Farhat Ullah, Shahbaz Khan, Farman Ullah, Mohammad Inam Khan, and Muhammad Ayaz. "Synthetic Derivates of Progesterone Ameliorate Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Deficits in Animal Models: Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibitory, Molecular Docking and Behavioral Correlates." Current Neuropharmacology (2025). https://doi.org/10.2174/011570159X357722250212094900
Piero, N. M., N. S. Kimuni, N. J. Ngeranwa, O. G. Orinda, and M. J. Njagi. "Antidiabetic and Safety of Lantana rhodesiensis in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats." J Develop Drugs 4, no. 129 (2015): 2.https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01099
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Pradeep, A., M. Dinesh, A. Govindaraj, D. Vinothkumar, and N. G. Ramesh Babu. "Phytochemical analysis of some important medicinal plants." Int J Biol Pharm Res 5, no. 1 (2014): 48-50.
Qadir, Mahpara, and Wajaht A. Shah. "Comparative GC-MS analysis, antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer activity of essential oil of Pinus wallichaina from Kashmir, India." Elixir Appl. Chem 72 (2014): 25819-25823. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2020.1803147
Rahman, Taj Ur, Ghias Uddin, Khanzadi Fatima Khattak, Wajiha Liaqat, and M. Iqbal Choudhary. "Antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal and phytotoxic activities of leaves of Pinus wallichiana." Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 8, no. 1 (2016): 420-4. http://jocpr.com/vol8-iss1-2016/JCPR-2016-8-1-420-424.pdf
Sabir, Shakila, Muhammad Furqan Akhtar, and Ammara Saleem. "Endocrine disruption as an adverse effect of non-endocrine targeting pharmaceuticals." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 2 (2019): 1277-1286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3774-4
Sabir, Shakila, Ammara Saleema, Muhammad Furqan Akhtar, Muhammad Saleem, and Moosa Raza. "Increasing beta cell mass to treat diabetes mellitus." Advances in Clinical & Experimental Medicine 27, no. 9 (2018). http://doi.org/ 10.17219/acem/74452
Sadiq, Abdul, Anwar Zeb, Farhat Ullah, Sajjad Ahmad, Muhammad Ayaz, Umer Rashid, and Noor Muhammad. "Chemical characterization, analgesic, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase potentials of essential oils from Isodon rugosus Wall. ex. Benth." Frontiers in pharmacology 9 (2018): 623. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00623
Safhi, Mohammed M., Mohammad Firoz Alam, Sivagurunathan Moni Sivakumar, and Tarique Anwer. "Hepatoprotective Potential of Sargassum muticum against STZ‐Induced Diabetic Liver Damage in Wistar Rats by Inhibiting Cytokines and the Apoptosis Pathway." Analytical cellular pathology 2019, no. 1 (2019): 7958701.https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7958701
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Singh, Lav, Pooja Dixit, Ravi P. Srivastava, Shivaraman Pandey, Praveen C. Verma, and Gauri Saxena. "Ethnobotany and pharmacology of Pinus species growing naturally in Indian Himalayas: a plant review." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 20, no. 15 (2019): 1281-1287. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389201020666190819153600
Vinci, Giuliana, Fabrizio D’Ascenzo, Lucia Maddaloni, Sabrina Antonia Prencipe, and Margherita Tiradritti. "The influence of green and black tea infusion parameters on total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity by ABTS and DPPH assays." Beverages 8, no. 2 (2022): 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages8020018
Wan Mohd Zain, Wan Zuraida, Nur Nadia Ramli, Samsiah Jusoh, and Nur’Amira Hamid. "Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content from leaves and seed extracts of Hevea brasiliensis clone." Journal of Academia 9 (2021): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants6040042
Yamaguchi, Masayoshi, and M. Neale Weitzmann. "The bone anabolic carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin enhances transforming growth factor-β1-induced SMAD activation in MC3T3 preosteoblasts." International journal of molecular medicine 24, no. 5 (2009): 671-675. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm_00000278
Zheng, Ju-Sheng, Jian’an Luan, Eleni Sofianopoulou, Stephen J. Sharp, Felix R. Day, Fumiaki Imamura, Thomas E. Gundersen et al. "The association between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D metabolites and type 2 diabetes in European populations: a meta-analysis and Mendelian randomisation analysis." PLoS medicine 17, no. 10 (2020): e1003394. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003394
Zulfqar, Faiqa, Muhammad F. Akhtar, Ammara Saleem, Bushra Akhtar, Ali Sharif, and Uzma Saleem. "Chemical characterization, antioxidant evaluation, and antidiabetic potential of Pinus gerardiana (Pine nuts) extracts." Journal of food biochemistry 44, no. 6 (2020): e13199. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13199
Achi, Ngozi K., and O. C. Ohaeri. "GC-MS determination of bioactive constituents of the methanolic fractions of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius." British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 5, no. 3 (2014): 163-172. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJPR/2015/13893
Jitin Ahuja, Jitin Ahuja, J. Suresh, A. Deep, Madhuri Madhuri, Pratyusha Pratyusha, and Ravi Ravi. "Phytochemical screening of aerial parts of Artemisia parviflora Roxb.: a medicinal plant." (2011): 116-124.
Akinjogunla, O. J., C. S. Yah, N. O. Eghafona, and F. O. Ogbemudia. "Antibacterial activity of leave extracts of Nymphaea lotus (Nymphaeaceae) on methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) isolated from clinical samples." (2010): 174-184. https://doi/org/10.5555/20103256258
Arkkila, Perttu ET, Pertti J. Koskinen, Ilkka M. Kantola, Tapani Rönnemaa, Eila Seppänen, and Jorma S. Viikari. "Diabetic complications are associated with liver enzyme activities in people with type 1 diabetes." Diabetes research and clinical practice 52, no. 2 (2001): 113-118.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-8227(00)00241-2
Bagali, Rajkumar S., Sunil S. Jalalpure, and S. S. Patil. "Evaluation of Schrebera swietenioides Roxb. fruit Ethanolic extract for Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced liver injury in rats." Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 13, no. 11 (2020): 5115-5120. DOI:10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00895.1
Burroughs, A. K., and D. Westaby. "Liver, Biliary tract and pancreatic disease. Kumar, P., Clarke. Eds." Clinical Medicine, 6th Edition. (2005): 347-418.
Chaturvedi, O. P., and N. Pandey. "Genetic divergence in Bombax ceiba L. germplasms." Silvae genetica 50, no. 3-4 (2001): 99-102. http://doi.org/10.1515/sg-2004-0050
Choi, Chang W., Sei C. Kim, Soon S. Hwang, Bong K. Choi, Hye J. Ahn, Min Y. Lee, Sang H. Park, and Soo K. Kim. "Antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging capacity between Korean medicinal plants and flavonoids by assay-guided comparison." Plant science 163, no. 6 (2002): 1161-1168. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(02)00332-1
Dallakyan, Sargis, and Arthur J. Olson. "Small-molecule library screening by docking with PyRx." In Chemical biology: methods and protocols, pp. 243-250. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2269-7_19
Dar, Mohd Yousuf, Wajaht A. Shah, Sofi Mubashir, and Manzoor A. Rather. "Chromatographic analysis, anti-proliferative and radical scavenging activity of Pinus wallichina essential oil growing in high altitude areas of Kashmir, India." Phytomedicine 19, no. 13 (2012): 1228-1233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2012.07.015
Edelman, Steven V. "Type II diabetes mellitus." Advances in internal medicine 43 (1998): 449-500.
Eisenbarth, George S. "Type I diabetes mellitus." New England journal of medicine 314, no. 21 (1986): 1360-1368.http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198605223142106
Guex, Nicolas, and Manuel C. Peitsch. "SWISS‐MODEL and the Swiss‐Pdb Viewer: an environment for comparative protein modeling." electrophoresis 18, no. 15 (1997): 2714-2723.
https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150181505
Hanwell, Marcus D., Donald E. Curtis, David C. Lonie, Tim Vandermeersch, Eva Zurek, and Geoffrey R. Hutchison. "Avogadro: an advanced semantic chemical editor, visualization, and analysis platform." Journal of cheminformatics 4, no. 1 (2012): 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2946-4-17
Hussain, Fida, Zeeshan Khan, Muhammad Saeed Jan, Sajjad Ahmad, Ashfaq Ahmad, Umer Rashid, Farhat Ullah, Muhammad Ayaz, and Abdul Sadiq. "Synthesis, in-vitro α-glucosidase inhibition, antioxidant, in-vivo antidiabetic and molecular docking studies of pyrrolidine-2, 5-dione and thiazolidine-2, 4-dione derivatives." Bioorganic chemistry 91 (2019): 103128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103128
Ahmad, Shamim I., ed. Diabetes: an old disease, a new insight. Vol. 771. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.
Kodangala, Chandrashekar, Santanu Saha, and Prasanna Kodangala. "Phytochemical studies of aerial parts of the plant Leucas lavandulaefolia." Der Pharma Chemica 2, no. 5 (2010): 434-437.
Kumar, Navin. "Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of leaves of Elaeocarpus sphaericus Roxb. and Pinus wallichiana from Uttarakhand region of India." International Journal of Green Pharmacy (IJGP) 9, no. 4 (2015). https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v9i4.570
Rao, M. Linga, and N. Savithramma. "Phytochemical studies of Svensonia hyderobadensis (walp.) Mold: a rare medicinal plant." (2011): 51-55.http://doi.org/ vol3-iss4/DPL-2011-3-4-51-55.pdf
Little, Elbert Luther, and William Burke Critchfield. Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). No. 1144. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1969.
Mahnashi, Mater H., Yahya S. Alqahtani, Ali O. Alqarni, Bandar A. Alyami, Muhammad Saeed Jan, Muhammad Ayaz, Farhat Ullah, Umer Rashid, and Abdul Sadiq. "Crude extract and isolated bioactive compounds from Notholirion thomsonianum (Royale) Stapf as multitargets antidiabetic agents: in-vitro and molecular docking approaches." BMC complementary medicine and therapies 21, no. 1 (2021): 270. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-021-03443-7
Maimoona, Alya, Ismat Naeem, Zeb Saddiqe, Niaz Ali, Ghayour Ahmed, and Ismail Shah. "Analysis of total flavonoids and phenolics in different fractions of bark and needle extracts of Pinus roxburghii and Pinus wallichiana." Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5, no. 13 (2011): 2724-2728.
Malviya, Neelesh, Sanjay Jain, and S. A. P. N. A. Malviya. "Antidiabetic potential of medicinal plants." Acta pol pharm 67, no. 2 (2010): 113-118.
Moss, D. W. "Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes." Enzyme 20, no. 1 (1975): 20-34. https://doi.org/10.1159/000458916
Naeem, Ismat, Abida Taskeen, Hifsa Mubeen, and Alya Maimoona. "Characterization of flavonols present in barks and needles of Pinus wallichiana and Pinus roxburghii." Asian Journal of Chemistry 22, no. 1 (2010): 41.
Nawaz, Asif, Abdul Sadiq, Nasreena Bashir, Umer Rashid, Farhat Ullah, Shahbaz Khan, Farman Ullah, Mohammad Inam Khan, and Muhammad Ayaz. "Synthetic Derivates of Progesterone Ameliorate Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Deficits in Animal Models: Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibitory, Molecular Docking and Behavioral Correlates." Current Neuropharmacology (2025). https://doi.org/10.2174/011570159X357722250212094900
Piero, N. M., N. S. Kimuni, N. J. Ngeranwa, O. G. Orinda, and M. J. Njagi. "Antidiabetic and Safety of Lantana rhodesiensis in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats." J Develop Drugs 4, no. 129 (2015): 2.https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01099
Noor, Ayesha, Soosaih Gunasekaran, A. Soosai Manickam, and Mookambeshwaran Arunachalam Vijayalakshmi. "Antidiabetic activity of Aloe vera and histology of organs in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats." Current science (2008): 1070-1076. DOI NOT Found
Olokoba, Abdulfatai B., Olusegun A. Obateru, and Lateefat B. Olokoba. "Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review of current trends." Oman medical journal 27, no. 4 (2012): 269.http://doi.org/ 10.5001/omj.2012.68
Pradeep, A., M. Dinesh, A. Govindaraj, D. Vinothkumar, and N. G. Ramesh Babu. "Phytochemical analysis of some important medicinal plants." Int J Biol Pharm Res 5, no. 1 (2014): 48-50.
Qadir, Mahpara, and Wajaht A. Shah. "Comparative GC-MS analysis, antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer activity of essential oil of Pinus wallichaina from Kashmir, India." Elixir Appl. Chem 72 (2014): 25819-25823. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2020.1803147
Rahman, Taj Ur, Ghias Uddin, Khanzadi Fatima Khattak, Wajiha Liaqat, and M. Iqbal Choudhary. "Antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal and phytotoxic activities of leaves of Pinus wallichiana." Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 8, no. 1 (2016): 420-4. http://jocpr.com/vol8-iss1-2016/JCPR-2016-8-1-420-424.pdf
Sabir, Shakila, Muhammad Furqan Akhtar, and Ammara Saleem. "Endocrine disruption as an adverse effect of non-endocrine targeting pharmaceuticals." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 2 (2019): 1277-1286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3774-4
Sabir, Shakila, Ammara Saleema, Muhammad Furqan Akhtar, Muhammad Saleem, and Moosa Raza. "Increasing beta cell mass to treat diabetes mellitus." Advances in Clinical & Experimental Medicine 27, no. 9 (2018). http://doi.org/ 10.17219/acem/74452
Sadiq, Abdul, Anwar Zeb, Farhat Ullah, Sajjad Ahmad, Muhammad Ayaz, Umer Rashid, and Noor Muhammad. "Chemical characterization, analgesic, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase potentials of essential oils from Isodon rugosus Wall. ex. Benth." Frontiers in pharmacology 9 (2018): 623. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00623
Safhi, Mohammed M., Mohammad Firoz Alam, Sivagurunathan Moni Sivakumar, and Tarique Anwer. "Hepatoprotective Potential of Sargassum muticum against STZ‐Induced Diabetic Liver Damage in Wistar Rats by Inhibiting Cytokines and the Apoptosis Pathway." Analytical cellular pathology 2019, no. 1 (2019): 7958701.https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7958701
Schulze, Matthias B., and Frank B. Hu. "Epidemiology of diabetes." In Handbook of epidemiology, pp. 1-49. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2022.
Singh, Lav, Pooja Dixit, Ravi P. Srivastava, Shivaraman Pandey, Praveen C. Verma, and Gauri Saxena. "Ethnobotany and pharmacology of Pinus species growing naturally in Indian Himalayas: a plant review." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 20, no. 15 (2019): 1281-1287. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389201020666190819153600
Vinci, Giuliana, Fabrizio D’Ascenzo, Lucia Maddaloni, Sabrina Antonia Prencipe, and Margherita Tiradritti. "The influence of green and black tea infusion parameters on total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity by ABTS and DPPH assays." Beverages 8, no. 2 (2022): 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages8020018
Wan Mohd Zain, Wan Zuraida, Nur Nadia Ramli, Samsiah Jusoh, and Nur’Amira Hamid. "Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content from leaves and seed extracts of Hevea brasiliensis clone." Journal of Academia 9 (2021): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants6040042
Yamaguchi, Masayoshi, and M. Neale Weitzmann. "The bone anabolic carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin enhances transforming growth factor-β1-induced SMAD activation in MC3T3 preosteoblasts." International journal of molecular medicine 24, no. 5 (2009): 671-675. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm_00000278
Zheng, Ju-Sheng, Jian’an Luan, Eleni Sofianopoulou, Stephen J. Sharp, Felix R. Day, Fumiaki Imamura, Thomas E. Gundersen et al. "The association between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D metabolites and type 2 diabetes in European populations: a meta-analysis and Mendelian randomisation analysis." PLoS medicine 17, no. 10 (2020): e1003394. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003394
Zulfqar, Faiqa, Muhammad F. Akhtar, Ammara Saleem, Bushra Akhtar, Ali Sharif, and Uzma Saleem. "Chemical characterization, antioxidant evaluation, and antidiabetic potential of Pinus gerardiana (Pine nuts) extracts." Journal of food biochemistry 44, no. 6 (2020): e13199. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13199
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Apr 1, 2026
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Aksar, N. ., Khan, M. F., Mir, M. A. ., Bashir, N., Noreen, S. ., Ullah, F., Sadiq, A., & Ayaz, M. (2026). Metabolomics-guided exploration of Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks. cones for antidiabetic compounds: Integrating in vitro, in silico, in vivo, and histopathological approaches. Italian Journal of Food Science, 38(2), 22–40. https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v38i2.3394
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How to Cite
Aksar, N. ., Khan, M. F., Mir, M. A. ., Bashir, N., Noreen, S. ., Ullah, F., Sadiq, A., & Ayaz, M. (2026). Metabolomics-guided exploration of Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks. cones for antidiabetic compounds: Integrating in vitro, in silico, in vivo, and histopathological approaches. Italian Journal of Food Science, 38(2), 22–40. https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v38i2.3394