Licium Barbarum cultivated in Italy: Chemical characterization and nutritional evaluation
Main Article Content
Keywords
Goji berries, Licium barbarum spp, bioactive compounds, antioxidant properties, anticancer activities
Abstract
Goji berries are the most cultivated fruit crop in Asian countries as they contain many nutrients and health-promoting bioactive compounds. These health-promoting properties have recently stimulated the interest of food and nutraceutical industries in Europe, so this crop has spread within Italy, which has become the largest European producer. Several works on the chemical composition and biological activities of Chinese goji berries are available. In this review, the chemical and the nutritional profile of goji berries from Licium barbarum spp. cultivated in Italy are reported.
References
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Amagase H. and Farnsworth N.R., 2011. A review of botanical characteristics, phytochemistry, clinical relevance in efficacy and safety of Lycium barbarum fruit (Goji). Food Research International 44:1702–1717. 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.03.027
Amagase H., Sunb B. and Borek C., 2009. Lycium barbarum (goji) juice improves in vivo antioxidant biomarkers in serum of healthy adults. Nutrition Research. 29:19–25. 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.11.005
Andoni E., Curone G., Agradi S., Barbato O., Menchetti L., Vigo D., et al., 2021. Effect of Goji Berry (Lycium barbarum) Supplementation on Reproductive Performance of Rabbit Does. Animals (Basel). 11(6):1672. 10.3390/ani11061672
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Aronson J. 2006. Solanaceae. The International Encyclopedia of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions. 15st ed. Elsevier B.V., Oxford, UK. pp. 3158–3160.
Bae U.J., MR O., Park J., Park J.S., Bae E.Y., Chae S.W., et al., 2017. Supplementation with Lycium chinense fruit extract attenuates methionine choline-deficient diet-induced steatohepatitis in mice. J Func. Foods 31:1–8. 10.1016/j.jff.2017.01.032
Berger A., Jones P.H. and Abumweis S.S., 2004. Plant sterols: factors affecting their efficacy and safety as functional food ingredients. Lipids Health Disease 3:1–19. 10.1186/1476-511X-3-5
Bertoldi D., Cossignani L., Blasi F., Perini M., Barbero A., Pianezze S. and Montesano D., 2019. Food Chemistry 275:585–593. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.098
Binia A., Jaeger J., Hu Y., Singh A. and Zimmermann D., 2015. Daily potassium intake and sodium-to-potassium ratio in the reduction of blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Hypertension 33:1509–1520. 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000611
Bordean D.M., Gergen I., GogoaOă I., Oprea G., Pirvulescu L., Alda L.M., et al., 2011. Mathematical model evaluation of heavy metal contamination in vegetables and fruits. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment 9(1):680–683.
Brecchia G., Sulce M., Curone G., Barbato O., Canali C., Troisi A., et al., 2021. Goji Berry (Lycium barbarum) Supplementation during Pregnancy Influences Insulin Sensitivity in Rabbit Does but Not in Their Offspring. Animals (Basel). 12(1):39. 10.3390/ani12010039
Ceccarini M.R., Codini M., Cataldi S., Vannini S., Lazzarini A., Floridi A., et al., 2016a. Acid sphingomyelinase as target of Lycium Chinense: Promising new action for cell health. Lipids Health Dis. 15:1–11. 10.1186/s12944-016-0351-z
Ceccarini M.R., Vannini S., Cataldi S., Moretti M., Villarini M., Fioretti B., et al., 2016b. In Vitro Protective Effects of Lycium barbarum Berries Cultivated in Umbria (Italy) on Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Bio Med Research International. 2016:7529521. 10.1155/2016/7529521
Cenariu D., Fischer-Fodor E., Bogdan Tigu A., Bunea A., Virág P., Perde-Schrepler M., et al., 2021. Zeaxanthin-Rich Extract from Superfood Lycium barbarum. Selectively Modulates the Cellular Adhesion and MAPK Signaling in Melanoma versus Normal Skin Cells In Vitro. Molecules. 26:333–352. 10.3390/molecules26020333
Chang R.C. and So K.F. 2008. Use of anti-aging herbal medicine, Lycium barbarum, against aging-associated diseases. What do we know so far? Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 28:643–652. 10.1007/s10571-007-9181-x
Chen P.Y., Shih T.H., Chang K.C., Wang J.S., Yang C.M. and Chang Y.S. 2020. Potential of galled leaves of Goji (Lycium chinense) as functional food. BMC Nutr. 6:1–11. 10.1186/s40795-020-00351-w
Cossignani L., Blasi F., Simonetti M.S. and Montesano D. 2018. Fatty Acids and Phytosterols to Discriminate Geographic Origin of Lycium barbarum Berry. Food Anal. Methods. 11:1180–1188. 10.1007/s12161-017-1098-5
Cox D.W. 1999. Disorders of copper transport. British Medical Bulletin. 55:544–555. 10.1258/0007142991902619
Crawford M. 2012. Perennial Vegetables A-Z. How to Grow Perennial Vegetables: Low-Maintenance, Low-Impact Vegetable Gardening. Green Books., Cambridge, UK. pp. 112–114.
Donno D., Beccaro G.L., Mellano M.G., Cerutti A.K. and Bounous G. 2015. Goji Berry Fruit (Lycium Spp.): Antioxidant Compound Fingerprint and Bioactivity Evaluation. J. Funct. Food. 18: 1070–1085. 10.1016/j.jff.2014.05.020
Endes Z., Uslu N., Özcan M.M. and Er F. 2015. Physico-chemical properties, fatty acid composition and mineral contents of goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) fruit. Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologie. 21:36–40. http://journal-of-agroalimentary.ro
Erikson K.M. and Aschner M. 2003. Manganese neurotoxicity and glutamate-GABA interaction. Neurochemistry International. 43:475–480. 10.1016/S0197-0186(03)00037-8
Fernández M., Ordóñez J.A., Cambero I., Santos C., Pin C. and De la Hoz L. 2007. Fatty acid compositions of selected varieties of Spanish dry ham related to their nutritional implications. Food Chemistry. 9:107–112. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.01.006
Gao Y., Wei Y., Wang Y., Gao F. and Chen Z. 2017. Lycium barbarum: A traditional Chinese herb and a promising anti-aging agent. Aging Dis. 8:778–791. 10.14336/AD.2017.0725
Georgiev K.D., Slavov I.J. and Iliev I.A. 2019. Antioxidant Activity and Antiproliferative Effects of Lycium barbarum’s (Goji berry) Fractions on Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Folia Med (Plovdiv). 61:104–112. 10.2478/folmed-2018-0053
Gogoasa I., Alda L., Rada M., Negrea A., Bordean D.M., Velciov A., et al., 2014. Goji berries (Lycium barbarum) as a source of trace elements in human nutrition. Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies. 20(4):369–372.
Knowles M. 2016. All systems goji for new Italian berry. Available at: https://www.fruitnet.com/eurofruit/article/170825/all-systems-goji-for-new-italian-berry.
Kruczec A., Krupa-Małkiewicz M., Lachowicz J. Oszmianski S. and Ochmian I. 2020. Health-Promoting Capacities of In Vitro and Cultivated Goji (Lycium chinense Mill.) Fruit andLeaves; Polyphenols, Antimicrobial Activity, Macro-and Microelements and Heavy Metals. Molecules. 25:5314–5330. 10.3390/molecules25225314
Kulczynski B. and Gramza-Michałowska A. 2016. Goji Berry (Lycium barbarum): Composition and Health Effects—A Review. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 66:67–75. 10.1515/pjfns-2015-0040
Li S.Y., Yang D., Yeung C.M. Wing-Yan Yu, Chang R. C-C., So K-F., Wong D. and Lo A.C.Y. 2011. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides reduce neuronal damage, blood-retinal barrier disruption and oxidative stress in retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. PLoS One. 6:e16380. 10.1371/journal.pone.0016380
Lieu P.T., Heiskala M., Peterson P.A. and Yang Y. 2001. The roles of iron in health and disease. Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 22:1–87. 10.1016/S0098-2997(00)00006-6
Lin W.S., Chen J.Y., Wang J.C., Chen L.Y., Lin C.H., Hsieh T.R., et al. 2014. The anti-aging effects of Ludwigia octovalvis on Drosophila melanogaster and SAMP8 mice. Age (Dordr). 36:689–703. 10.1007/s11357-013-9606-z
Llorent-Martínez E.J., Córdova M.L.F., Ortega-Barrales P. and RuizMedina A. 2013. Characterization and comparison of the chemical composition of exotic superfoods Microchemical Journal. 110:444–451. 10.1016/j.microc.2013.05.016
Lopatriello A., Previtera R., Pace S., Werner M., Rubino L., Werz O., Taglialatela-Scafati O. and Forino M. 2017. NMR-based identification of the major bioactive molecules from an Italian cultivar of Lycium barbarum. Phytochemistry. 144:52–57. 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.08.016
Lu Y., Guo S., Zhang F., Yan H., Qian D-w., Shang E-x., Wang H-q. and Duan J-a. 2021. Nutritional components characterization of Goji berries from different regions in China. J Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 195:113859. 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113859
Luo Q., Cai Y., Yan J., Sun M. and Corke H. 2004. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects and antioxidant activity of fruit extracts from Lycium barbarum. Life Sciences. 76(2):137–149. 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.04.056
Ma Z.F., Zhang H., Teh S.S., Wang C.W., Zhang Y., Wang F.H.L., Ma T., Dong Z., Zhang Y. and Zhu Y. 2019. Goji Berries as a Potential Natural Antioxidant Medicine: An Insight into Their Molecular Mechanisms of Action. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2019:2437397. 10.1155/2019/2437397
Menchetti L., Brecchia G., Branciari R., Barbato O., Fioretti B., Codini M., Bellezza E., Trabalza-Marinucci M. and Miraglia D. 2020. The effect of Goji berries (Lycium barbarum) dietary supplementation on rabbit meat quality. Meat Science. 161:108018. 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.108018
Mente A., O’Donnell M.J., Rangarajan S., McQueen M.J., Poirier P., Wielgosz A., Morrison H., Li W., Wang X., Di C. et al. 2014. Association of urinary sodium and potassium excretion with blood pressure. N. Engl. J. Med. 371:601–611. 10.1056/NEJMoa1311989
Mi X.S., Feng Q., Lo A.C.Y., Chang R.C-C., Lin B., Chung S. and So K-F. 2012. Protection of retinal ganglion cells and retinal vasculature by Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in a mouse model of acute ocular hypertension. PLoS One. 7:e45469. 10.1371/journal.pone.0045469
Ming M., Guanhua L., Zhanhai Y., Guang C. and Xuan Z. 2009. Effect of the Lycium barbarum polysaccharides administration on blood lipid metabolism and oxidative stress of mice fed high-fat diet in vivo. Food Chemistry. 113:872–877. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.03.064
Montesano D., Rocchetti G., Cossignani L., Lucini L., Simonetti M.S. and F. Blasi. 2018. Italian Lycium barbarum L. Berry: Chemical Characterization and Nutraceutical Value. Natural product Communications. 13:1151–1156.
Niro S., Fratianni A., Panfili G., Falasca L., Cinquanta L. and Rizvi Alam M.D. 2017. Nutritional evaluation of fresh and dried goji berries cultivated in Italy. Ital. J. Food Sci. 29:398–408. http://researchgate.net/publication/321007006
Potterat O. 2010. Goji (lyceum barbarum and L. chinense): Phytochemistry, pharmacology and safety in the perspective of traditional uses and recent popularity. Planta Medica. 76:7–19. 10.1055/s-0029-1186218
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