Effect of adding fenugreek and Nigella sativa to white rice on postprandial glycemic and appetite responses in healthy individuals
Main Article Content
Keywords
appetite, fenugreek, glycemia, Nigella sativa, rice
Abstract
White rice is a high glycemic index food, and therefore different approaches are adopted to reduce its glycemic effect. The present study investigated the effect of adding fenugreek and Nigella sativa seed powder to white rice on glycemia, appetite, palatability, and gastrointestinal clinical manifestations in healthy subjects. In a randomized crossover design, 16 healthy subjects consumed white rice alone (control group), white rice with 2-g fenugreek seed powder or white rice with 4-g nigella seed powder on different occasions. Each test meal provided 50 g of available carbohydrates. Blood glucose, subjective appetite, and gastrointestinal manifestations were measured at fasting and postprandially for 2 h. Palatability of the test meals was also measured using a 9-point hedonic scale. The nigella meal resulted in significantly lower blood glucose concentration (31.25 mg/dL) at 30 min (p = 0.022), compared to the control meal (43.88 mg/dL) whereas fenugreek meal showed no significant effect. Moreover, the nigella meal significantly increased satiety ratings at 30 and 90 min (p = 0.035 and 0.018, respectively). The results demonstrated that the addition of nigella powder to white rice reduced its glycemic response and increased satiety, compared to the control meal. All test meals were judged as acceptable by the subjects and their consumption didn’t cause any gastrointestinal discomfort. Results of the current study demonstrated promising implications for reducing glycemic response of white rice, a commonly consumed high-glycemic index food.
References
Ahmad J., Khan I., Johnson S.K., Alam I., and Din Z.U. 2018. Effect of incorporating stevia and moringa in cookies on postprandial glycemia, appetite, palatability, and gastrointestinal well-being. J Am Coll Nutr. 37(2): 133–139. 10.1080/07315724.2017.1372821
Alimohammadi S., Hobbenaghi R., Javanbakht J., Kheradmand D., Mortezaee R., Tavakoli M., Khadivar F., and Akbari H. 2013. Protective and antidiabetic effects of extract from Nigella sativa on blood glucose concentrations against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic in rats: an experimental study with histopathological evaluation. Diagn Pathol. 8(1): 1–7. 10.1186/1746-1596-8-137
Altan M.F., Kanter M., Donmez S., Kartal M.E., and Buyukbas S. 2007. Combination therapy of Nigella sativa and human parathyroid hormone on bone mass, biomechanical behavior and structure in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Acta Histochem. 109(4): 304–314. 10.1016/j.acthis.2007.02.006
Amutha K and Godavari K. 2015. Antidiabetic and phytochemical screening of Nigella sativa. J Chem Pharm Res. 7(8): 432–436.
Asaduzzaman M., Nahar L., Rahman M.S., Hasan M., Khatun A., Tamanna Z., Huda N., Rabbi F.M., Ray M.N., Nur Islam M., Mobassirul I.M. 2015. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic potential of Nigella sativa L. seed extract in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. J Plant Biochem Physiol. 3: 158.
Bamosa A.O., Kaatabi H., Lebdaa F.M., Elq A.M., and Al-Sultanb A. 2010. Effect of Nigella sativa seeds on the glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 54(4): 344–354.
Bawadi H.A., Maghaydah S.N., Tayyem R.F., and Tayyem R.F. 2009. The postprandial hypoglycemic activity of fenugreek seed and seeds’ extract in type 2 diabetics: a pilot study. Pharmacogn Mag. 5(18): 134–138.
Blaak E.E., Antoine J.M., Benton D., Björck I., Bozzetto L., Brouns F., Diamant M., Dye L., Hulshof T., Holst J.J., and Lamport D.J. 2012. Impact of postprandial glycaemia on health and prevention of disease. Obes Rev. 13(10): 923–984. 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01011.x
Bovenschen H.J., Janssen M.J., Van Oijen M.G., Laheij R.J., Van Rossum L.G., and Jansen J.B. 2006. Evaluation of a gastrointestinal symptoms questionnaire. Dig Dis Sci. 51(9): 1509–1515. 10.1007/s10620-006-9120-6
Das L., Bhaumik E., Raychaudhuri U., and Chakraborty R. 2012. Role of nutraceuticals in human health. J Food Sci Technol. 49(2): 173–183. 10.1007/s13197-011-0269-4
Fararh K.M., Atoji Y., Shimizu Y., and Takewaki T. 2002. Isulinotropic properties of Nigella sativa oil in streptozotocin plus nicotinamide diabetic hamster. Res Vet Sci. 73(3): 279–282. 10.1016/S0034-5288(02)00108-X
Flint A., Raben A., Blundell J.E., and Astrup A. 2000. Reproducibility, power and validity of visual analogue scales in assessment of appetite sensations in single test meal studies. Int J Obes. 24(1): 38–48. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801083
Gonzalez-Anton C., Lopez-Millan B., Rico M.C., Sanchez-Rodriguez E., Ruiz-Lopez M.D., Gil A., and Mesa M.D. 2015. An enriched, cereal-based bread affects appetite ratings and glycemic, insulinemic, and gastrointestinal hormone responses in healthy adults in a randomized, controlled trial. J Nutr. 145(2): 231–238. 10.3945/jn.114.200386
Heshmati J., Namazi N., Memarzadeh M.R., Taghizadeh M., Kolahdooz F. 2015. Nigella sativa oil affects glucose metabolism and lipid concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Food Res Int. 70: 87–93. 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.01.030
Hintze J. 2001. NCSS and PASS number crucher statistical systems. Available at: http://www.NCSS.com.
Hlebowicz J., Darwiche G., Björgell O., Almér L.O. 2007. Effect of cinnamon on postprandial blood glucose, gastric emptying, and satiety in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 85(6): 1552–1556. 10.1093/ajcn/85.6.1552
Hu E.A., Pan A., Malik V., and Sun Q. 2012. White rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis and systematic review. BMJ. 344: 1454. 10.1136/bmj.e1454
Kanter M., Meral I., Yener Z., Ozbek H., and Demir H. 2003. Partial regeneration/proliferation of the β-cells in the Islets of Langerhans by Nigella sativa L. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Tohoku J Exp Med. 201(4): 213–219. 10.1620/tjem.201.213
Le P.M., Benhaddou-Andaloussi A., Elimadi A., Settaf A., Cherrah Y., and Haddad P.S. 2004. The petroleum ether extract of Nigella sativa exerts lipid-lowering and insulin-sensitizing actions in the rat. J Ethnopharmacol. 94(2–3): 251–259. 10.1016/j.jep.2004.04.030
Mahdavi R., Alizadeh M., Namazi N., and Farajnia S. 2016. Changes of body composition and circulating adipokines in response to Nigella sativa oil with a calorie restricted diet in obese women. J Herb Med. 6(2): 67–72. 10.1016/j.hermed.2016.03.003
Mahmoud M.Y. 2013. Effect of high protein diet containing fortified bread with fenugreek and Nigella sativa seeds on rats suffering from diabetes. Pak J Nutr. 12(8): 736–747. 10.3923/pjn.2013.736.747
Mathern J.R., Raatz S.K., Thomas W., and Slavin J.L. 2009. Effect of fenugreek fiber on satiety, blood glucose and insulin response and energy intake in obese subjects. Phytother Res. 23(11): 1543–1548. 10.1002/ptr.2795
Meddah B., Ducroc R., Faouzi M.E., Eto B., Mahraoui L., Benhaddou-Andaloussi A., Martineau L.C., Cherrah Y., Haddad P.S. 2009. Nigella sativa inhibits intestinal glucose absorption and improves glucose tolerance in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 121(3): 419–424. 10.1016/j.jep.2008.10.040
Meilgaard M.C., Civille G.V., and Carr B.T. 2007. Sensory Evaluation Techniques, 4th edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. pp. 407–412. 10.1201/b16452
Murlidhar M., and Goswami T.K. 2012. A review on the functional properties, nutritional content, medicinal utilization and potential application of fenugreek. J Food Process Technol. 3(9): 1–10. 10.4172/2157-7110.1000181
Neelakantan N., Narayanan M., de Souza R.J., van Dam R.M. 2014. Effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) intake on glycemia: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Nutr J. 13(1): 1–11. 10.1186/1475-2891-13-7
Qidwai W., Hamza H.B., Qureshi R., and Gilani A. 2009. Effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of powdered Nigella sativa (kalonji) seed in capsules on serum lipid levels, blood sugar, blood pressure, and body weight in adults: results of a randomized, double-blind controlled trial. J Altern Complem Med. 15(6): 639–644. 10.1089/acm.2008.0367
Rchid H., Chevassus H., Nmila R., Guiral C., Petit P., Chokaïri M., and Sauvaire Y. 2004. Nigella sativa seed extracts enhance glucose-induced insulin release from rat-isolated Langerhans islets. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 18(5): 525–529. 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2004.00275.x
Robert S.D., Ismail A.A., and Wan Rosli W.I. 2014. Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds lowers postprandial blood glucose in overweight and obese individuals. J Nutr Metab. 2014: 964873. 10.1155/2014/964873
Sobhi W., Stevigny C., Duez P., Calderon B.B., Atmani D., and Benboubetra M. 2016. Effect of lipid extracts of Nigella sativa L. seeds on the liver ATP reduction and alpha-glucosidase inhibition. Pak J Pharm Sci. 29(1): 111–117.
Sun L., Ranawana D.V., Leow M.K., Henry C.J. 2014. Effect of chicken, fat and vegetable on glycaemia and insulinaemia to a white rice-based meal in healthy adults. Eur J Nutr. 53(8): 1719–1726. 10.1007/s00394-014-0678-z
Thomas J.E., Bandara M., Lee E.L., Driedger D., and Acharya S. 2011. Biochemical monitoring in fenugreek to develop functional food and medicinal plant variants. N Biotechnol. 28(2): 110–117. 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.09.001
Wani S.A., and Kumar P. 2018. Fenugreek: a review on its nutraceutical properties and utilization in various food products. J Saudi Soc Agr Sci. 17(2): 97–106. 10.1016/j.jssas.2016.01.007
Zenel A.M., and Stewart M.L. 2015. High amylose white rice reduces post-prandial glycemic response but not appetite in humans. Nutrients. 7(7): 5362–5374. 10.3390/nu7075225
Zhang Z., Kane J., Liu A.Y., and Venn B.J. 2016. Benefits of a rice mix on glycaemic control in Asian people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised trial. Nutr Diet. 73(2): 125–131. 10.1111/1747-0080.12158
Alimohammadi S., Hobbenaghi R., Javanbakht J., Kheradmand D., Mortezaee R., Tavakoli M., Khadivar F., and Akbari H. 2013. Protective and antidiabetic effects of extract from Nigella sativa on blood glucose concentrations against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic in rats: an experimental study with histopathological evaluation. Diagn Pathol. 8(1): 1–7. 10.1186/1746-1596-8-137
Altan M.F., Kanter M., Donmez S., Kartal M.E., and Buyukbas S. 2007. Combination therapy of Nigella sativa and human parathyroid hormone on bone mass, biomechanical behavior and structure in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Acta Histochem. 109(4): 304–314. 10.1016/j.acthis.2007.02.006
Amutha K and Godavari K. 2015. Antidiabetic and phytochemical screening of Nigella sativa. J Chem Pharm Res. 7(8): 432–436.
Asaduzzaman M., Nahar L., Rahman M.S., Hasan M., Khatun A., Tamanna Z., Huda N., Rabbi F.M., Ray M.N., Nur Islam M., Mobassirul I.M. 2015. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic potential of Nigella sativa L. seed extract in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. J Plant Biochem Physiol. 3: 158.
Bamosa A.O., Kaatabi H., Lebdaa F.M., Elq A.M., and Al-Sultanb A. 2010. Effect of Nigella sativa seeds on the glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 54(4): 344–354.
Bawadi H.A., Maghaydah S.N., Tayyem R.F., and Tayyem R.F. 2009. The postprandial hypoglycemic activity of fenugreek seed and seeds’ extract in type 2 diabetics: a pilot study. Pharmacogn Mag. 5(18): 134–138.
Blaak E.E., Antoine J.M., Benton D., Björck I., Bozzetto L., Brouns F., Diamant M., Dye L., Hulshof T., Holst J.J., and Lamport D.J. 2012. Impact of postprandial glycaemia on health and prevention of disease. Obes Rev. 13(10): 923–984. 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01011.x
Bovenschen H.J., Janssen M.J., Van Oijen M.G., Laheij R.J., Van Rossum L.G., and Jansen J.B. 2006. Evaluation of a gastrointestinal symptoms questionnaire. Dig Dis Sci. 51(9): 1509–1515. 10.1007/s10620-006-9120-6
Das L., Bhaumik E., Raychaudhuri U., and Chakraborty R. 2012. Role of nutraceuticals in human health. J Food Sci Technol. 49(2): 173–183. 10.1007/s13197-011-0269-4
Fararh K.M., Atoji Y., Shimizu Y., and Takewaki T. 2002. Isulinotropic properties of Nigella sativa oil in streptozotocin plus nicotinamide diabetic hamster. Res Vet Sci. 73(3): 279–282. 10.1016/S0034-5288(02)00108-X
Flint A., Raben A., Blundell J.E., and Astrup A. 2000. Reproducibility, power and validity of visual analogue scales in assessment of appetite sensations in single test meal studies. Int J Obes. 24(1): 38–48. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801083
Gonzalez-Anton C., Lopez-Millan B., Rico M.C., Sanchez-Rodriguez E., Ruiz-Lopez M.D., Gil A., and Mesa M.D. 2015. An enriched, cereal-based bread affects appetite ratings and glycemic, insulinemic, and gastrointestinal hormone responses in healthy adults in a randomized, controlled trial. J Nutr. 145(2): 231–238. 10.3945/jn.114.200386
Heshmati J., Namazi N., Memarzadeh M.R., Taghizadeh M., Kolahdooz F. 2015. Nigella sativa oil affects glucose metabolism and lipid concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Food Res Int. 70: 87–93. 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.01.030
Hintze J. 2001. NCSS and PASS number crucher statistical systems. Available at: http://www.NCSS.com.
Hlebowicz J., Darwiche G., Björgell O., Almér L.O. 2007. Effect of cinnamon on postprandial blood glucose, gastric emptying, and satiety in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 85(6): 1552–1556. 10.1093/ajcn/85.6.1552
Hu E.A., Pan A., Malik V., and Sun Q. 2012. White rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis and systematic review. BMJ. 344: 1454. 10.1136/bmj.e1454
Kanter M., Meral I., Yener Z., Ozbek H., and Demir H. 2003. Partial regeneration/proliferation of the β-cells in the Islets of Langerhans by Nigella sativa L. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Tohoku J Exp Med. 201(4): 213–219. 10.1620/tjem.201.213
Le P.M., Benhaddou-Andaloussi A., Elimadi A., Settaf A., Cherrah Y., and Haddad P.S. 2004. The petroleum ether extract of Nigella sativa exerts lipid-lowering and insulin-sensitizing actions in the rat. J Ethnopharmacol. 94(2–3): 251–259. 10.1016/j.jep.2004.04.030
Mahdavi R., Alizadeh M., Namazi N., and Farajnia S. 2016. Changes of body composition and circulating adipokines in response to Nigella sativa oil with a calorie restricted diet in obese women. J Herb Med. 6(2): 67–72. 10.1016/j.hermed.2016.03.003
Mahmoud M.Y. 2013. Effect of high protein diet containing fortified bread with fenugreek and Nigella sativa seeds on rats suffering from diabetes. Pak J Nutr. 12(8): 736–747. 10.3923/pjn.2013.736.747
Mathern J.R., Raatz S.K., Thomas W., and Slavin J.L. 2009. Effect of fenugreek fiber on satiety, blood glucose and insulin response and energy intake in obese subjects. Phytother Res. 23(11): 1543–1548. 10.1002/ptr.2795
Meddah B., Ducroc R., Faouzi M.E., Eto B., Mahraoui L., Benhaddou-Andaloussi A., Martineau L.C., Cherrah Y., Haddad P.S. 2009. Nigella sativa inhibits intestinal glucose absorption and improves glucose tolerance in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 121(3): 419–424. 10.1016/j.jep.2008.10.040
Meilgaard M.C., Civille G.V., and Carr B.T. 2007. Sensory Evaluation Techniques, 4th edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. pp. 407–412. 10.1201/b16452
Murlidhar M., and Goswami T.K. 2012. A review on the functional properties, nutritional content, medicinal utilization and potential application of fenugreek. J Food Process Technol. 3(9): 1–10. 10.4172/2157-7110.1000181
Neelakantan N., Narayanan M., de Souza R.J., van Dam R.M. 2014. Effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) intake on glycemia: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Nutr J. 13(1): 1–11. 10.1186/1475-2891-13-7
Qidwai W., Hamza H.B., Qureshi R., and Gilani A. 2009. Effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of powdered Nigella sativa (kalonji) seed in capsules on serum lipid levels, blood sugar, blood pressure, and body weight in adults: results of a randomized, double-blind controlled trial. J Altern Complem Med. 15(6): 639–644. 10.1089/acm.2008.0367
Rchid H., Chevassus H., Nmila R., Guiral C., Petit P., Chokaïri M., and Sauvaire Y. 2004. Nigella sativa seed extracts enhance glucose-induced insulin release from rat-isolated Langerhans islets. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 18(5): 525–529. 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2004.00275.x
Robert S.D., Ismail A.A., and Wan Rosli W.I. 2014. Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds lowers postprandial blood glucose in overweight and obese individuals. J Nutr Metab. 2014: 964873. 10.1155/2014/964873
Sobhi W., Stevigny C., Duez P., Calderon B.B., Atmani D., and Benboubetra M. 2016. Effect of lipid extracts of Nigella sativa L. seeds on the liver ATP reduction and alpha-glucosidase inhibition. Pak J Pharm Sci. 29(1): 111–117.
Sun L., Ranawana D.V., Leow M.K., Henry C.J. 2014. Effect of chicken, fat and vegetable on glycaemia and insulinaemia to a white rice-based meal in healthy adults. Eur J Nutr. 53(8): 1719–1726. 10.1007/s00394-014-0678-z
Thomas J.E., Bandara M., Lee E.L., Driedger D., and Acharya S. 2011. Biochemical monitoring in fenugreek to develop functional food and medicinal plant variants. N Biotechnol. 28(2): 110–117. 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.09.001
Wani S.A., and Kumar P. 2018. Fenugreek: a review on its nutraceutical properties and utilization in various food products. J Saudi Soc Agr Sci. 17(2): 97–106. 10.1016/j.jssas.2016.01.007
Zenel A.M., and Stewart M.L. 2015. High amylose white rice reduces post-prandial glycemic response but not appetite in humans. Nutrients. 7(7): 5362–5374. 10.3390/nu7075225
Zhang Z., Kane J., Liu A.Y., and Venn B.J. 2016. Benefits of a rice mix on glycaemic control in Asian people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised trial. Nutr Diet. 73(2): 125–131. 10.1111/1747-0080.12158
Article Sidebar
Published
Aug 20, 2024
Article Details
How to Cite
Khan, I., Shahid Afridi, M., Ahmad, J., Johnson, S. K., Al-Rizeiqi, M. H., & Almajwal, A. M. (2024). Effect of adding fenugreek and Nigella sativa to white rice on postprandial glycemic and appetite responses in healthy individuals. Italian Journal of Food Science, 36(3), 301-308. https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v36i3.2564
Section
Original Article
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright Agreement with Authors
Before publication, after the acceptance of the manuscript, Authors have to sign a Publication Agreement with "Italian Journal of Food Science", granting and assigning to "Italian Journal of Food Science" the perpetual right to distribute the work free of charge by any means and in any parts of the world, including the communication to the public through the journal website.
License for Published Contents
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
How to Cite
Khan, I., Shahid Afridi, M., Ahmad, J., Johnson, S. K., Al-Rizeiqi, M. H., & Almajwal, A. M. (2024). Effect of adding fenugreek and Nigella sativa to white rice on postprandial glycemic and appetite responses in healthy individuals. Italian Journal of Food Science, 36(3), 301-308. https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v36i3.2564