Anti-dyslipidemic and anti-hypercholesteremic effects of concoction juice: A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial
Main Article Content
Keywords
anthropometry, dyslipidemia, garlic, ginger, honey, juice, total, cholesterol, triglycerides
Abstract
Globally, dyslipidemia is an alarming condition, which may cause death. However, its country-wise ratio varies. In Pakistan, it is about 16–20% in both men and women. Dyslipidemia can be defined as the up level quantity of lipids in blood than the average value. The treatment of dyslipidemia can be done by dietary interventions with indigenous sources. The (Concoction) juice has the ability to reduce the low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs). and raise the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level. For efficacy studies, dyslipidemic females (n = 1010) were approached in different clinics and hospitals of Sargodha. They were approached with biomarkers, that is, lipidemic profile, TC, HDL, urea, creatinine, and TGs. A total of 85 females were selected and they were divided into three groups (T0, L1 and M1). T0 is an experimental (control) group, T1 group has -dyslipidemic patients treated with lab-made juice, and M1 has dyslipidemic patients treated with -market products. After 120 days of treatment, the data were analyzed statistically to validate the results of the study. The -anthropometric and dietary intake was assessed by dyslipidemic volunteers. A significant level of -dyslipidemic biomarker was found in L1. The down level was found in TC (216-184 mg/dL), TGs (215.54-138.46 mg/dL), and LDL (145.64-134.34 mg/dL), and raised level was found in HDL (44.15-54.43 mg/dL). Other parameters that showed a -downward trend were urea (12.73-11.15 mg/dL), uric acid (6.12-5.38 mg/dL), creatinine (1.02-1.0 mg/dL), ALT (55-34 u/l), AST (47-27 u/l), ALP (91.63-83.76 IU/L), bilirubin (0.65 to 0.57 mg/dl), RBCs, WBCs, and Hb. Based on these results, it is concluded that lab-made concoction L1 showed best results overall and is also appropriate and cost effective and further research has to be done on a large scale.
References
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Al-Waili, N.S. and Haq A., 2004. Effect of honey on antibody production against thymus-dependent and thymus-independent antigens in primary and secondary immune responses. Journal of Medicinal Food 7(4): 491–494. 10.1089/jmf.2004.7.491
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Ballesteros, M.N., Cabrera, R.M., Saucedo, M.S., Yepiz-Plascencia, G.M., Ortega, M.I. and Valencia, M. E., 2001. Dietary fiber and lifestyle influence serum lipids in free living adult men. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 20(6): 649–655. 10.1080/07315724.2001.10719163
Bhavsar, S.K., Joshi, P., Shah, M.B. and Santani, D.D., 2007. Investigation into Hepatoprotective activity of citrus limon. Pharmaceutical Biology 45(4): 303–311. 10.1080/13880200701214995
D’Argenio, G., Amorus, D., Mazzone, G., Vitaglione, P., Romano, A., Ribecco, M. and D’Armiento, M.R., 2010. Garlic extract prevents CCl(4)-induced liver fibrosis in rats: the role of tissue transglutaminase. Digestive and Liver Disease 42: 571–577. 10.1016/j.dld.2009.11.002
D’Argenio, G., Mazzoni, G., Ribecco, M.T., Lembo, V., Vitaglione, P., Guarino, M., Morisco, F., Napolitano, M., Fogliano, V. and Caporaso, N., 2012. Garlic extract attenuating rat liver-fibrosis by inhibiting TGF-β1. Clinical Nutrition 1–7. 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.07.001
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Dkhil, M.A., Abdel-Baki, A.S., Wunderlich, F., Sies, H. and Al-Quraishy, S., 2011. Anticoccidial and antiinflammatory activity of garlic in murine Eimeria papillata infections. Veterinary Parasitology 175(1–2): 66–72. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.009
Eidi, A., Eidi, M. and Esmaeili, E., 2006. Antidiabetic effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytomedicine 13(9–10): 624–629. 10.1016/j.phymed.2005.09.010
El-Shenawy, S.M and Hassan, N.S., 2008. Comparative evaluation of the protective effect of selenium and garlic against liver and kidney damage induced by mercury chloride in the rats. Pharmacological Reports 60: 199–208.
Faran, S.A., Asghar, S., Khalid, S.H., Khan, I.U., Asif, M., Khalid, I., Gohar, U.F. and Hussain, T., 2019. Hepatoprotective and renoprotective properties of lovastatin-loaded ginger and garlic oil nanoemulsomes: insights into serum biological parameters. Medicina (Kaunas) 55(9): 579. 10.3390/medicina55090579
Fazlolahzadeh, F., Keramati, K., Nazifi, S., Shirian, S. and Seifi, S., 2011. Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on hematological parameters and plasma activities of ALT and AST of rainbow trout in temperature stress. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5(9): 84–90.
Fushimi, T., Suruga, K., Oshima, Y., Fukiharu, M., Tsukamoto, Y. and Goda, T., 2006. Dietary acetic acid reduces serum cholesterol and triacylglycerols in rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet. British Journal of Nutrition 95: 916–924. 10.1079/BJN20061740
Gotto, A.M., Jr., 2011. Jeremiah Metzger lecture: cholesterol, inflammation and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: is it all LDL? Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 122: 256.
Iranloye, B.O., 2002. Effect of chronic garlic feeding on some haematological parameters. African Journal of Biomedical Research 5(1–12).
Jabbari, A., Argani, H., Ghorbanihaghjo, A. and Mahdavi, R., 2005. Comparison between swallowing and chewing of garlic on levels of serum lipids, cyclosporine, creatinine and lipid peroxidation in renal transplant recipients. Lipids in Health and Disease 4(1): 11. 10.1186/1476-511X-4-11
Jan, A. and Masih, E.D., 2012. Development and quality evaluation of pineapple juice blend with carrot and orange juice. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 2(8): 1–8.
Kim, M., and Kim, H., 2011. Effect of Garlic on High Fat Induced Obesity. Acta Biologica Hungarica 62(3): 244–254. 10.1556/ABiol.62.2011.3.4
Kuan-Jiunn, Hongbao, M.S., 2006. Cholesterol and Human Health. The Journal of American Science 2:1.
Kurian, J.C., Tajoda, H.N. and Bredenkamp, M.B., 2013. Reduction of cholesterol and triglycerides in volunteers using lemon and apple. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 3(18).
Lachhiramka, P. and Patil, S., 2016. Cholesterol lowering property of garlic (Allium sativum) on patients with hypercholesterolemia. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health 5(11): 2249–2251. 10.5455/ijmsph.2016.28032016449
Leuter, H., Koch, H. and Lawson, L., 1996. Therapeutic effects and applications of garlic and its preparation. In: Koch, H.P. and Lawson, L.D. (eds.) Garlic: the science and therapeutic application of Allium sativum L. and related species. Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 135–212.
Libby, P., 2005. Prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine 16(2): 1430.
MacMahon, B. and Trichopoulos, D., 1996. Cohort studies. Epidemiology: Principles and Methods 184–185.
Meilgaard, M.C., Civille, G.V. and Carr, B.T., 2007. Sensory evaluation techniques. 4th ed. C.R.C. Press L.L.C., New York, NY.
Mindell, E. 1982. Earl Mindell's Quick and Easy Guide to Better Health. Keats Publishing.
Molan, P.C. 1999. Why honey is effective as a medicine. 1. Its use in modern medicine. Bee World 80(2): 80–92. 10.1080/0005772X.1999.11099430
Muhammad, N.O., Soji-Omoniwa, O., Usman, L.A. and Omoniwa, B.P., 2013. Antihyperglycemic activity of leaf essential oil of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Annual Research and Review in Biology v (2) 825–834.
Müller, M. and Kersten, S., 2003. Nutrigenomics: goals and strategies. Nature Reviews Genetics 4(4): 315. 10.1038/nrg1047
Mushtaq, Z., Tahir Nadeem, M., Arshad, M. U., Saeed, F., Ahmed, M.H., Bader Ul Ain, H., Javed, A., Anjum, F.M. and Hussain, S., 2019. Exploring the biochemical and antioxidant potential of ginger (Adric) and turmeric (Haldi). International Journal of Food Properties 22(1): 1642–1651. 10.1080/10942912.2019.1666138
Naseem, E., Shamim, M. and Khan, N.I., 2016. Cardioprotective effects of herbal mixture (ginger, garlic, lemon, apple cider vinegar and honey) in experimental animal models of hyperlipidemia. International Journal of Biological Research 4(1): 28–33.
Ramakrishna, R.R., Platel, K. and Srinivasan, K., 2003. In vitro influence of spices and spice-active principles on digestive enzymes of rat pancreas and small intestine. Nahrung 47: 408–412. 10.1002/food.200390091
Rahimlou, M., Yari, Z., Hekmatdoost, A., Alavian, S.M. and Keshavarz, S.A., 2016. Ginger supplementation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Hepatitis Monthly 16(1): e34897. 10.5812/hepatmon.34897
Ruano-Villa-, N., Ramírez-Meraz, M., Mendez-Aguilar, R., Zepeda-Vallejo, L.G., Álvarez-Bravo, A., Pérez-Hernández N. and Becerra-Martínez, E., 2019. 1H NMR-based metabolomics profiling of ten new races from Capsicum annuum cv. serrano produced in Mexico. Food Research International 119: 785–792. 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.10.061
Samaniego-Sánchez, C., Inurreta-Salinas, Y., Quesada-Granados, J., Blanca-Herrera, R., Villalón-Mir, M., De La Serrana, H.L.-G. and Martínez, M.L., 2011. The influence of domestic culinary processes on the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity of green tea infusions. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 24: 79–86. 10.1016/j.jfca.2010.06.003
Shahidi, F., McDonald, J., Chandrasekara, A. and Zhong, Y., 2008. Phytochemicals of foods, beverages and fruit vinegars: chemistry and health effects. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 17(S1): 380–382.
Shahidi, F. and Hossain, A., 2018. Bioactives in spices, and spice oleoresins: phytochemicals and their beneficial effects in food preservation and health promotion. Journal of Food Bioactives 3: 8–75. 10.31665/JFB.2018.3149
Sharma, S., Kelly, T.K. and Jones, P.A., 2010. Epigenetics in cancer. Carcinogenesis 31(1): 27–36. 10.1093/carcin/bgp220
Shishehbor, F., Mansoori, A., Sarkaki, A.R., Jalali, M.T. and Latifi, S.M., 2008. Apple cider vinegar attenuates lipid profile in normal and diabetic rats. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 11(23): 2634. 10.3923/pjbs.2008.2634.2638
Shokr, E.A. and Mohamed, E.M., 2019. Effect of ginger on some hematological aspects and immune system in nile tilapia. Abbassa International Journal of Aquaculture 12(1): 1–18.
Siri-Tarino, P.W., Sun, Q., Hu, F.B. and Krauss, R.M., 2010. Saturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease: modulation by replacement nutrients. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 12(6): 384–390. 10.1007/s11883-010-0131-6
Soleimani, D., Paknahad, Z. and Rouhani, M.H., 2020. Therapeutic effects of garlic on hepatic steatosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients: a randomized clinical trial. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity 13: 2389–2397. 10.2147/DMSO.S254555
Sprecher, D.L. and Pearce, G.L., 2002. Fiber-multivitamin combination therapy: a beneficial influence on low-density lipoprotein and homocysteine. Metabolism-Clinical and Experimental 51(9): 1166–1170. 10.1053/meta.2002.34048
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