Marker-assisted selection of dairy cows for β-casein gene A2 variant
Main Article Content
Keywords
β-casein, bovine, marker-assisted selection (MAS), milk, polymorphisms, variants
Abstract
Many studies highlighted potential associations of β-casein A1 with specific human diseases and a minor digestibility of milk, due to the bioactive peptide β-casomorphin 7 (BCM-7) release during digestion. Conversely, the ancestral β-casein A2 variant seems to be a favorable trait because it is not associated with BMC-7 release. The aim of this work was to evaluate frequencies of β-casein variants in offspring of previously genotyped cows inseminated with A2 homozygous semen. The frequency of the A2/A2 animals has almost doubled from 37 to 69%. These are encouraging results with the perspective of reaching the goal of producing A2 milk.
References
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Massella, E., Piva, S., Giacometti, F., Liuzzo, G., Zambrini, A.V. and Serraino, A., 2017. Evaluations of bovine β-casein polymorphism in two dairy farms located in northern Italy. Ital. J. Food Safety. 6(3): 6904. 10.4081/ijfs.2017.6904
McLachlan, C.N., 2001. β-casein A1, ischaemic heart disease mortality and other illnesses. Med. Hypotheses 56(2): 262–272. 10.1054/mehy.2000.1265
Milan, A.M., Shrestha, A., Karlström, H.J., Martinsson, J.A., Nilsson, N.J., Perry, J.K., Day, L. and Barnett, M.P.G. and Cameron-Smith, D., 2020. Comparison of the impact of bovine milk β-casein variants on digestive comfort in females self-reporting dairy intolerance: a randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 111(1): 149–160. 10.1093/ajcn/nqz279
Muehlhoff, E., Bennett, A. and McMahon, D., 2013. Milk and dairy product in human nutrition. FAO, Rome.
Pal, S., Woodford, K., Kukuljan, S. and Ho, S., 2015. Milk intolerance, β-casein and lactose. Nutrients 7(9): 285–297. 10.3390/nu7095339
Park, Y.W. and Haenlein, G.F.W., 2021. A2 bovine milk and caprine milk as a means of remedy for milk protein allergy. Dairy. 2(2): 191–201. 10.3390/dairy2020017
R Core Team, 2020. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, R Core Team, Vienna, Austria.
Raina, V.S., Kour, A., Chakravarty, A.K. and Vohra, V., 2020. Markerassisted selection visàvis bull fertility: coming full circle—a review. Mol. Biol. Rep. 47(11): 9123–9133. 10.1007/s11033-020-05919-0
Ramakrishnan, M., Eaton, T.K., Sermet, O.M. and Savaiano, D.A., 2020. Milk containing A2-casein only, as a single meal, causes fewer symptoms of lactose intolerance than milk containing A1 and A2-caseins in subjects with lactose maldigestion and intolerance: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Nutrients. 12(12): 3855. 10.3390/nu12123855
Reichelt, K.L., Tveiten, D., Knivsberg, A.M. and Brønstad, G., 2012. Peptides’ role in autism with emphasis on exorphins. Microb. Ecol. Health Dis. 23: 18958. 10.3402/mehd.v23i0.18958
Rijnkels, M., 2002. Multispecies comparison of the casein gene loci and evolution of casein gene family. J Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia. 7(3): 327–345. 10.1023/A:1022808918013
Scientific Report of EFSA prepared by a DATEX Working Group on the potential health impact of β-casomorphins and related peptides. 2009. EFSA Scientific Report. 231: 1–107. 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.231r
Sebastiani, C., Arcangeli, C., Ciullo, M., Torricelli, M., Cinti, G., Fisichella, S. and Biagetti, M., 2020. Frequencies evaluation of β-casein gene polymorphisms in dairy cows reared in central Italy. Animals. 10(2): 252. 10.3390/ani10020252
Sharma, A., Lee, J.S., Dang, C.G., Sudrajad, P., Kim, H.C., Yeon, S.H., Kang, H.S. and Lee, S.H., 2015. Stories and challenges of genome wide association studies in livestock—a review. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 28(10): 1371–1379. 10.5713/ajas.14.0715
Thiruvengadam, M., Venkidasamy, B., Thirupathi, P., Chung, I.M. and Subramanian, U., 2021. β-Casomorphin: a complete health perspective. Food Chem. 337: 127765. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127765
Voglino, G.F., 1972. A new β-casein variant in piedmont cattle. Anim. Genet. 3(1): 61–62. 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1972.tb01233.x
Bodnár, Á., Hajzser, A., Egerszegi, I., Póti, P., Kuchtík, J. and Pajor, F., 2018. A2 milk and its importance in dairy production and global market. Anim. Welf. 14(1): 1–7. 10.17205/SZIE.AWETH.2018.1.001
Brooke-Taylor, S., Dwyer, K., Woodford, K. and Kost, N., 2017. Systematic review of the gastrointestinal effects of A1 compared with A2 β-Casein. Adv. Nutr. 15(5): 739–748. 10.3945/an.116.013953
Canavesi, F., 2016. Selezionare per produrre latte A2. Professione allevatore. 16: 52–54.
Caroli, A.M., Chessa, S. and Erhardt, G.J., 2009. Invited review: milk protein polymorphism in cattle: effect on animal breeding and human nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 92(11): 5335–5352. 10.3168/jds.2009-2461
Cieslinska, A., Sienkiewicz-Szłapka, E., Wasilewska, J., Fiedorowicz, E., Chwała, B., Moszy’nska-Dumara, M. and Kostyra, E., 2015. Influence of candidate polymorphisms on the dipeptidyl peptidase IV and μ-opioid receptor genes expression in aspect of the β-casomorphin-7 modulation functions in autism. Peptides 65: 6–11. 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.11.012
Daniloski, D., Cunha, N.M.D., McCarthy, N.A., O’Callaghan, T.F., McParland, S. and Vasiljevic, T., 2021. Health-related outcomes of genetic polymorphism of bovine β-casein variants: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 111: 233–248. 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.073
Deth, R., Andrew Clarke, A., Jiayi, N.J. and Trivedi, M., 2016. Clinical evaluation of glutathione concentrations after consumption of milk containing different subtypes of β-casein: results from a randomized, cross-over clinical trial. Nutr. J. 15(1): 82–87. 10.1186/s12937-016-0201-x
Du, L., Duan, X., An, B., Chang, T., Liang, M., Xu, L., Zhang, L., Li, J., Guangxin, E. and Gao, H., 2021. Genome-wide association study based on random regression model reveals candidate genes associated with longitudinal data in Chinese Simmental Beef Cattle. Animals. 11(9): 2524. 10.3390/ani11092524
Duarte-Vázquez, M.Á., García-Ugalde, C., Villegas-Gutiérrez, L.M., García-Almendárez, B.E. and Rosado, J.L., 2017. Production of cow’s milk free from beta-casein A1 and its application in the manufacturing of specialized foods for early infant nutrition. Foods. 6(7): 50. 10.3390/foods6070050
Farrel, H.M., Jimenez-Flores, R., Bleck, G.T., Brown, E.M., Butler, J.E., Creamer, L.K. and Swaisgood, H.E., 2004. Nomenclature of the proteins of cows’ milk—sixth revision. J. Dairy Sci. 87(6): 1641–1674. 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73319-6
Faye, B. and Konuspayeva, G., 2012. The sustainability challenge to the dairy sector–the growing importance of non-cattle milk production worldwide. Int Dairy J. 24(2): 50–56. 10.1016/j.idairyj.2011.12.011
Hall, T.A., 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. 41: 95–98.
He, M., Sun, J., Jiang, Z.Q. and Yang, Y.X., 2017. Effects of cow’s milk beta-casein variants on symptoms of milk intolerance in Chinese adults: a multicenter, randomized controlled study. Nutr. J. 16(1): 72. 10.1186/s12937-017-0275-0
Hohmann, L.G., Weimann, C., Scheper, C., Erhardt, G. and König, S., 2021. Genetic diversity and population structure in divergent German cattle selection lines on the basis of milk protein polymorphisms. Arch. Anim. Breed. 64(1): 91–102. 10.5194/aab-64-91-2021
Jenness, R., 1979. Comparative aspects of milk protein. J. Dairy Res. 46(2): 197–210. 10.1017/s0022029900017040
Kamiński, S., Cieślińska, A. and Kostyra, E., 2007. Polymorphism of bovine β-casein and its potential effect on human health. J. Appl. Genet. 48(3): 189–198. 10.1007/BF03195213
Kay, S.-I.S, Delgado, S., Mittal, J., Eshraghi, R.S., Mittal, R. and Eshraghi, A.A., 2021. Beneficial effects of milk having A2 β-casein protein: myth or reality? J. Nutr. 151(5): 1062–1072. 10.1093/jn/nxaa454
Massella, E., Piva, S., Giacometti, F., Liuzzo, G., Zambrini, A.V. and Serraino, A., 2017. Evaluations of bovine β-casein polymorphism in two dairy farms located in northern Italy. Ital. J. Food Safety. 6(3): 6904. 10.4081/ijfs.2017.6904
McLachlan, C.N., 2001. β-casein A1, ischaemic heart disease mortality and other illnesses. Med. Hypotheses 56(2): 262–272. 10.1054/mehy.2000.1265
Milan, A.M., Shrestha, A., Karlström, H.J., Martinsson, J.A., Nilsson, N.J., Perry, J.K., Day, L. and Barnett, M.P.G. and Cameron-Smith, D., 2020. Comparison of the impact of bovine milk β-casein variants on digestive comfort in females self-reporting dairy intolerance: a randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 111(1): 149–160. 10.1093/ajcn/nqz279
Muehlhoff, E., Bennett, A. and McMahon, D., 2013. Milk and dairy product in human nutrition. FAO, Rome.
Pal, S., Woodford, K., Kukuljan, S. and Ho, S., 2015. Milk intolerance, β-casein and lactose. Nutrients 7(9): 285–297. 10.3390/nu7095339
Park, Y.W. and Haenlein, G.F.W., 2021. A2 bovine milk and caprine milk as a means of remedy for milk protein allergy. Dairy. 2(2): 191–201. 10.3390/dairy2020017
R Core Team, 2020. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, R Core Team, Vienna, Austria.
Raina, V.S., Kour, A., Chakravarty, A.K. and Vohra, V., 2020. Markerassisted selection visàvis bull fertility: coming full circle—a review. Mol. Biol. Rep. 47(11): 9123–9133. 10.1007/s11033-020-05919-0
Ramakrishnan, M., Eaton, T.K., Sermet, O.M. and Savaiano, D.A., 2020. Milk containing A2-casein only, as a single meal, causes fewer symptoms of lactose intolerance than milk containing A1 and A2-caseins in subjects with lactose maldigestion and intolerance: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Nutrients. 12(12): 3855. 10.3390/nu12123855
Reichelt, K.L., Tveiten, D., Knivsberg, A.M. and Brønstad, G., 2012. Peptides’ role in autism with emphasis on exorphins. Microb. Ecol. Health Dis. 23: 18958. 10.3402/mehd.v23i0.18958
Rijnkels, M., 2002. Multispecies comparison of the casein gene loci and evolution of casein gene family. J Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia. 7(3): 327–345. 10.1023/A:1022808918013
Scientific Report of EFSA prepared by a DATEX Working Group on the potential health impact of β-casomorphins and related peptides. 2009. EFSA Scientific Report. 231: 1–107. 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.231r
Sebastiani, C., Arcangeli, C., Ciullo, M., Torricelli, M., Cinti, G., Fisichella, S. and Biagetti, M., 2020. Frequencies evaluation of β-casein gene polymorphisms in dairy cows reared in central Italy. Animals. 10(2): 252. 10.3390/ani10020252
Sharma, A., Lee, J.S., Dang, C.G., Sudrajad, P., Kim, H.C., Yeon, S.H., Kang, H.S. and Lee, S.H., 2015. Stories and challenges of genome wide association studies in livestock—a review. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 28(10): 1371–1379. 10.5713/ajas.14.0715
Thiruvengadam, M., Venkidasamy, B., Thirupathi, P., Chung, I.M. and Subramanian, U., 2021. β-Casomorphin: a complete health perspective. Food Chem. 337: 127765. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127765
Voglino, G.F., 1972. A new β-casein variant in piedmont cattle. Anim. Genet. 3(1): 61–62. 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1972.tb01233.x
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