Paper

The influence of starter cultures on the lactic acid bacteria microbiota of Petrovac sausage

Bojana Milićević1*, Vladimir Tomović2, Bojana Danilović1 and Dragiša Savić1

1Faculty of Technology, University of Nis, Leskovac, Serbia;

2Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia

Abstract

Petrovac sausage (Petrovská klobása) is a high-quality fermented dry sausage produced traditionally in the municipality of Bački Petrovac (Vojvodina, Serbia). The product is characterised by specific and recognised texture, aroma and colour, produced without additives or preservatives. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) microbiota plays an important role in production of the sausage. The aim of the paper is to monitor the changes in LAB during the production of Petrovac sausage. Samples of sausages were prepared without and with the addition of starter culture Staphylococcus xylosus as well as combined starter culture Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and S. xylosus, and produced at two different temperature ranges. A total number of 495 strains were isolated from 33 samples of Petrovac sausage during 120 days of production process. Characterisation of the isolates was performed by phenotypic tests, while molecular identification of the representative strains was done by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. The total number of LAB was about 8 log (Colony Forming Unit (CFU))/g in all samples, while the number of staphylococci was about 4 log CFU/g. Molecular identification confirmed that all isolates belonged to the following species: Levilactobacillus brevis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus. Lactobacilli and Leuconostoc spp. dominate the total LAB strains, while P. pentosaceus was isolated at the lowest frequency.

Key words: fermented sausages, lactic acid bacteria, Petrovac sausage, 16S rDNA sequencing

*Corresponding Author: Bojana Milićević, Faculty of Technology, University of Nis, Leskovac, Serbia, Email: [email protected]

Received: 11 June 2020; Accepted: 18 February 2021; Published: 6 April 2021

DOI: 10.15586/ijfs.v33i2.1918

© 2021 Codon Publications
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Introduction

The production of fermented sausages correlate with the diversity of microbiota present in meat batter as well as those added in the form of starter culture (Cocconcelli and Fontana, 2008; Toldra, 2002). Starter cultures contribute to the functional properties of fermented products and play a major role in the improvement of organoleptic, technological, nutritional and health characteristics of fermented sausages (Laranjo et al., 2017). Different types of microorganisms (Lactic Acid Bacteria [LAB], staphylococci and micrococci, mould, and yeasts) can be used for autochthonous and commercial starter cultures in the production of fermented sausages (Casaburi et al., 2008; Kovacevic et al., 2010). Combination of Lactobacillus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. used as starter cultures in the sausages production can contribute to the pleasant aroma of sausages and they possess antimicrobial properties against unwanted microorganisms and pathogen microbiota (Hosseini and Pilevar, 2017). Owing to acidification, lipolysis, and proteolysis, and production and development of volatile aroma compounds, LAB microbiota (Lactobacillus sakei, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Levilactobacillus brevis etc.) play an essential role of a starter culture in meat fermentation (Ammor and Mayo, 2007; Kumar et al., 2017). Production of lactic and acetic acid reduces pH of the meat batter resulting in the formation of characteristic sausage aroma and consistency. The acidification process plays an important role in the inhibition and inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms contributing to the prolonged shelf life and safety of fermented sausages (Leistner, 1995; Martinovic and Veskovic-Moracanin ., 2006). LAB species can produce bacteriocins as antimicrobial products of fermentation. L. sakei, L. curvatus, L. plantarum and L. paracasei, which are often used as starter cultures, contribute to the safety and stability of fermented sausages because of strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes (Pidcock et al., 2002; Veskovic-Moracanin, 2010). In addition to the safety of product, some strains of lactobacilli used as starter cultures (L. sakei, L. curvatus and L. plantarum) promote the degradation of peroxide (Martinovic and Veskovic-Moracanin ., 2006).

Gram-positive cocci used as starter cultures (Staphylococcus carnosus, Staphylococcus xylosus and Micrococcus varians) play an important role in the reduction of nitrates and nitrites, decomposition of peroxides, lipolysis stabilisation and development of texture (Skocińska et al., 2016). S. carnosus and S. xylosus as starter cultures contribute to the development of desirable colour and aroma in fermented sausages. Owing to antioxidant properties, growth on optimal salt concentrations and growth on optimal pH, S. carnosus and S. simulans are often used as starters in fermented sausages (Casaburi et al., 2005).

Dry-fermented sausages represent the result of physical, chemical, biochemical, microbiological and sensory changes that occur during the ripening of meat batter (Hammes et al., 2008). Petrovac sausage (Petrovská klobása) is a traditional dry-fermented product made in Bački Petrovac (Vojvodina, Serbia). As a high-quality fermented product with appropriate texture, aroma and colour, it is produced without additives or preservatives, and protected by Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) at the national level (Ikonic et al., 2015; Petrovic et al., 2007). Petrovac sausage can be produced without adding starter cultures (Danilovic et al., 2018). The traditional production excludes the addition of starter cultures (Ikonic et al., 2016; Jokanovic et al., 2017, 2010).

The aim of this work was to monitor the changes in LAB microbiota in the samples of Petrovac sausage (Petrovská klobása) prepared without and with the addition of starter culture S. xylosus and combined starter cultures L. plantarum and S. xylosus and produced under controlled conditions in two different temperature ranges. For this purpose, isolation, characterisation and identification of LAB microbiota were performed.

Materials and methods

Fermented sausage technology and sampling procedure

Fermented sausages were produced according to the traditional recipe in the Agro-Industrial Complex (AIC) ‘Bačka Topola’ (Vojvodina, Serbia). Meat batter was made of minced pork (85%) and solid back fat tissue (15%) with addition of the following ingredients (w/w): red hot pepper (2.5%), salt (1.8%), garlic (0.2%), caraway seeds (0.2%) and sucrose (0.1%). The meat batter was divided into three equal parts: control sausages (H) (without addition of starter), sausages (I) (with the addition of combined starter cultures of S. xylosus and L. plantarum) and sausages (J) (with the addition of starter culture of S. xylosus). The initial number of starter cultures in meat batter was the same for LAB and coagulase-negative cocci (CNC) (4.5–5.0 log (CFU)/g). Autochthonous starter cultures were previously isolated from traditionally produced Petrovac sausage (Danilovic, 2012). The mixture was stuffed into artificial collagen casings. Smoking, drying and ripening of the sausages were carried out under controlled conditions in the ripening chamber at the temperature range of 14–16°C (tag 1) and ~10°C (tag 2). All experiments were performed in triplicate. Samples were collected after 0 (meat batter), 6, 15, 60, 90 and 120 days of production.

Isolation and enumeration of bacteria

For microbiological analysis, 10 g of each sausage sample was aseptically homogenised in 90 mL of sterile saline peptone water (8 g/L NaCl + 1 g/L peptone) (Urso et al., 2006). The enumeration of microorganisms was performed in triplicate by the successive serial dilution method and represented as the mean value. Dilutions were prepared and plated on nutrition agar (NA, Torlak, Belgrade, Serbia), de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar (Torlak, Belgrade, Serbia) and Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) plates for determining the total number of mesophilic bacteria, LAB and staphylococci, respectively. After the incubation of plates (48 h, 30°C) and enumeration, randomly selected colonies from MRS agar plates were streaked to new MRS agar plates for purification.

Phenotypic identification and characterisation of LAB isolates

Basic characterisation of the isolates was performed through Gram reaction, cell morphology and catalase test with H2O2 (30% v/v). Gram-positive and catalase-negative isolates were subjected to the following physiological tests: CO2 production, arginine and esculin hydrolysis, bacterial growth on MRS agar plates at different temperatures (15°C and 45°C) for 72 h, bacterial growth on MRS agar plates supplemented with NaCl (4%, 6.5% and 8%) for 72 h, bacterial growth on bile esculin agar, synthesis of exopolysaccharides and the synthesis of bacteriocines.

Arginine hydrolysis was performed in arginine broth (g/L: tryptophan 5, L-arginine 3, glucose 0.5 and K2HPO4 2), while esculin hydrolysis was performed in esculin broth (Torlak, Belgrade, Serbia). After incubation, a few drops of phenyl-red were added to the arginine broth (red colour indicates a positive reaction, and yellow colour a negative one), and a few drops of 2% FeCl3 solution to the esculin broth (a positive reaction is the appearance of a black precipitate). For preliminary identification of enterococci, isolates were grown on bile esculin agar (Rocheux’s Medium, Himedia, Mubai, India). The appearance of black colonies indicate the presence of enterococci. Exopolysaccharide production was detected visually (appearance of mucous colonies) after incubation of isolates on a modified MRS medium supplemented with maltose, sucrose, galactose, fructose, lactose and glucose (Merck GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany) at a temperature of 30°C for 48 h.

The bacteriocinogenic activity was performed using the agar well diffusion assay. Soft nutrition agar (0.7% w/v), containing indicator strain, was poured into plates with thin layer of MRS agar. After hardening of the medium, small diameter wells (10 mm) were made into plates. Into each well, aliquot (50 µL) of the supernatant of overnight culture (16 h) was poured. Also, a crystal of pronase E was added close to the edge of the bacteriocin-containing well. The plates were incubated at 30°C for 24 h. Appearance of a clear inhibition zone around the well was recorded as a positive signal for production of bacteriocin. For detecting bactericiongenic activity, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli were used as pathogenic microorganisms. Production of bacteriocin against any of the analysed strains was stated as positive.

Molecular identification of LAB isolates

Isolation of the total genomic DNA as well as (GTG)5-PCR fingerprinting was performed as described previously (Nikolic et al., 2008). For 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing method, PCR amplifications with primers UNI 16SF (5’-GAG AGT TTG ATC CTG GC-3) and UNI 16SR (5’-AGG AGG TGA TCC AGC CG-3’) were performed with a Taq DNA polymerase kit (Fermentas UAB, Vilnius, Lithuania). The amplification of the samples was performed through GeneAmp® PCR system 2700 (Applied Biosystems) operated with the following parameters: the initial duration of DNA for 7 min at 95ºC, 32 cycles of denaturation of 1 min at 94ºC, polymerisation with a duration of 8 min at 65ºC, and the final extension of incomplete product with a duration of 16 min at 65ºC. Plasmide profiles were monitored on 1.5% (w/v) agarose gel with ethidiumbromide at a constant voltage of 60 V (at 4ºC for 20 h) (Versalovic et al., 1994). Visualisation of PCR products was performed by applying CCD camera Biometra BDR2/5/6 (Bio Doc Analyze). Specific PCR products were analysed by electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel and purified using QIAquick PCR Purification KIT/250 (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Purified PCR amplicons were sequenced using Macrogen sequencing service in Seoul, South Korea. The results were compared with the data stored in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) gene databank using BLAST algorithm (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST).

Results and discussion

Petrovac sausage is an indigenous fermented sausage produced of minced meat and spices without preservatives with specific and recognisable characteristics. The sausage fermentation process is greatly affected by the changes in the development and composition of LAB and staphylococci microbiota. In order to determine the changes in LAB microbiota during the production of Petrovac sausage with the addition of starter cultures, sausage samples were prepared without starter culture (sausages H), with combined starter culture L. plantarum and S. xylosus (sausages I) and with starter culture S. xylosus (sausages J). Production of the sausages was performed under controlled conditions at a temperature range of 14–16°C (tag 1) and ~10°C (tag 2).

During the production of Petrovac sausage, the change in the number of mesophilic bacteria was almost identical to the change in LAB regardless of using starters. In the sausages prepared without starter cultures (sausages H), the number of initial LAB and aerobic mesophilic bacteria was about 5 log CFU/g, while the number of staphylococci ranged about 4 log CFU/g. The maximum value of LAB and aerobic mesophilic bacteria (8–9 log CFU/g) was reached after 15 days and it remained stable till the end of the production process. The number of staphylococci at the end of the process was lower and was about 3 log CFU/g (Figure 1H). Similarly, in the sausages prepared with combined starter culture of S. xylosus and L. plantarum (sausages I), the initial number of LAB was almost identical to the initial number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria (about 5 log CFU/g). During the production of sausages I, similar changes in the number of both LAB and aerobic mesophilic bacteria were observed as in sausages H. The number of staphylococci in sausages I was in the same range as in sausages prepared without starter cultures (3–4 log CFU/g) (Figure 1I). In sausages prepared with the addition of starter culture S. xylosus (sausages J), the number of staphylococci at the end of production was higher in all samples produced at 14–16°C (about 3 log CFU/g) than in the samples produced at ~10°C (about 2 log CFU/g). Changes in the number of LAB and aerobic mesophilic bacteria were almost identical as in sausages I (Figure 1J).

Figure 1. The number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria (●, red line), LAB (■, green line) and staphylococci (▲, blue line) during the production of Petrovac sausages prepared without starter cultures (H), with combined starter culture S. xylosus and L. plantarum (I), and with S. xylosus(J) and produced at 14–16°C (full line) and ~10°C (dashed line). Vertical error bars represent standard deviation.

The number of LAB in sausages produced without starter culture (H) during the first days of fermentation was in accordance with the results obtained for Tunisian dry-fermented sausage produced without starter culture (4.3 log CFU/g). However, the initial number of LAB in sausages I and J (about 5 log CFU/g) was lower than the number of LAB obtained for Tunisian sausages produced with combined starter culture of S. xylosus and L. plantarum (7.3 log CFU/g) (Essid and Hassouna, 2013). The rapid increase in LAB during the first days of fermentation is also in accordance with the rapid increase in dry-fermented poultry sausages prepared without starter cultures (8.3 CFU/g), with starter culture of S. xylosus or L. plantarum (8.9 CFU/g) and mixed starter culture of S. xylosus and L. plantarum (8.8 CFU/g) (El Adabi et al., 2014). Also, the maximum level of number of LAB during the first 15 days (8–9 log CFU/g) was in accordance with the results obtained for Tunisian sausages produced with combined starter culture of S. xylosus and L. plantarum (8.1 log CFU/g) (Essid and Hassouna, 2013). Rapid increase in the total number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria in all samples during the first days of production process was in accordance with the results obtained for the samples of Petrovac sausages produced under traditional conditions (5–8.5 log CFU/g) and for the samples produced under controlled conditions (5–7 log CFU/g) (Danilovic et al., 2018). The total number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria was in accordance with the results obtained for Petrovac sausages produced under traditional and controlled conditions (7–8 log CFU/g; Danilovic et al., 2018) and for the sausages produced from hot deboned meat (Danilovic et al., 2011). Results obtained for Petrovac sausages indicated that LAB microbiota, being the dominant microbiota during the production process, were in accordance with the results of Casaburi et al. (2008), Casquete et al. (2012) and Zdolec et al. (2008). Domination of LAB microbiota in Petrovac sausages was in accordance with the results obtained for Alheira-fermented sausage produced in Portugal (Albano et al., 2009), traditional Greek dry-fermented sausages (Ambrosiadis et al., 2004; Papamanoli et al., 2003), dry-fermented sausages produced with L. sakei (Bolumar et al., 2006) and Tunisian dry-fermented beef sausage produced with combined starter culture of S. xylosus and L. plantarum (Essid and Hassouna, 2013). The initial number of staphylococci in sausages H, I and J (about 4 log CFU/g) was lower than the number of the same microbiota in Tunisian beef sausage produced without starter culture (5 log CFU/g) and with combined starter culture of S. xylosus and L. plantarum (7 log CFU/g) (Essid and Hassouna, 2013). The lower number of staphylococci at the end of production process was probably due to reduction in pH caused by lactobacilli (Johansson et al., 1994; Lizaso et al., 1999). Addition of starter culture had no effect on the total number of staphylococci. The higher number of staphylococci in the samples produced at higher temperature range (14–16°C) than the number presented in samples produced at lower temperature (~10°C) was in accordance with the results obtained for Italian fermented sausages, where the growth of S. xylosus was better at higher temperatures (Fiorentini et al., 2010). Other results confirmed that increasing temperature from 10°C to 26°C increased growth of S. xylosus, S. carnosus and S. equorum, with strong synergy between temperature and pH (Søndergaard and Stahnke, 2002). The number of both aerobic mesophilic bacteria and LAB was identical regardless of the addition of starter cultures S. xylosus and L. plantarum. These results were in accordance with the results obtained for Tunisian dry-fermented sausages produced with the addition of starter cultures S. xylosus and L sakei (Najjari et al., 2020).

A total of 495 Gram-positive and catalase-negative strains were isolated from 33 samples during the production of Petrovac sausage. Phenotypic grouping of strains by cell morphological characteristics divided all isolates into five groups (Table 1). The identity of the isolate was confirmed by (GTG)5-PCR and 16S rDNA sequencing. The 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence analysis confirmed that all isolates belonged to L. brevis, L. mesenteroides, L. plantarum and P. pentosaceus species. DNA analyses of the PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments obtained from purified isolates during sausage production provided the fingerprints shown in Figure 2. The (GTG)5 fingerprints didn’t show intraspecific biodiversity.

Table 1. Characterisation of LAB isolated during the production of Petrovac sausage.

Group I II III IV
No. of isolates 188 172 131 4
Cell morphology rods Rods coccoid cocci
CO2 formation +
Growth at        
45°C
15°C + + + +
Growth on NaCl        
4%  
6.5% + + + +
8% + + + +
Hydrolysis of arginine
Hydrolysis of esculin + +
Black colonies on bile esculin agar
production of EPS from sucrose + +
Production of bacteriocines v V v
Identified by 16S rDNA gene sequencing L. brevis L. plantarum L. mesenteroides P. pentosaceus

+’: positive; ‘−‘: negative; ‘v’: variable, ‘EPS’: exopolysaccharides.

Figure 2. Reference PCR profiles of the amplified 16S rRNA gene of the isolates: L. brevis (1, 2, 4), L. plantarum (3, 5), P. pentosaceus (6, 7) and L. mesenteroides (8, 9).

Gram-positive, catalase-negative and rod-shaped cells were classified as lactobacilli. Arginine-negative group of lactobacilli had the ability to grow well at 15ºC and in the presence of 6%, 5% and 8% of NaCl. This group didn’t produce CO2 and was not able to grow at 45ºC. On the basis of morphological characteristics, two groups of lactobacilli were observed. (GTG)5-PCR fingerprinting (Figure 2) confirmed that two groups belonged to L. brevis and L. plantarum. Some L. brevis and L. plantarum strains synthesised bacteriocines, which was in accordance to the data found in literature that these species could be active against L. monocytogenes (Tosukhowong et al., 2011). Also, nitrite-reduction capability is one of the most important characteristics of L. brevis (Paik and Lee, 2014). Additionally, L. plantarum leads to rapid decrease of pH in fermented sausages and contributes to the organoleptic properties of the fermented product (Heinz and Hautzinger, 2007).

The arginine-negative and esculin-positive isolates that produced CO2 from glucose and had the ability of forming slimy colonies on MRS agar plates with sucrose were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing as L. mesenteroides. Leuconostoc spp. produce lactic acid, acetic acid, dextran, acetaldehyde, diacetyl, ethanol and other metabolites that contributes to the development of aroma and flavour in production of fermented sausages (Lee et al., 2006). As heterofermentative strains, Leuconostoc spp. produce CO2, which is considered as one of the main causes in forming holes in meat products; this property classifies them as undesirable microbiota (Ammor and Mayo, 2007). Leuconostoc spp. may synthesise spectra of bacteriocines (mesentericin Y105, produced by L. mesenteroides spp. mesenteroides; leucocin A-UAL 187, produced by L. gelidum; carnosin 44A, produced by L. carnosum; and leuconocin S, produced by L. paramesenteroides) that exhibit strong microbial activity against Listeria spp (Stiles, 1994). The prevalence of Leuconostoc spp. in sausages is in correlation with the results obtained for Petrovac sausages produced from hot deboned meat (Danilovic et al, 2011) as well as for sausages ripened under the traditional and controlled conditions (Danilovic et al., 2018).

Only four isolates (0.8%) were esculine-positive cocci. They all had the ability to grow at 15ºC as well as on MRS agar plates with addition of NaCl (6%, 5% and 8%). Some of cocci produced bacteriocines (Table 1). Esculine-positive cocci, which formed tetrads, were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing as P. pentosaceus (Figure 2). As a result of low catabolism of amino acids, pediococci don’t play a major role in the formation of organoleptic properties in fermented sausages (Leroy et al., 2006). Among pediococci, P. acidilactici and P. pentosaceus were often isolated from European sausages (Albano et al. 2007; Kozachinski et al. 2008). P. acidilactici produced pediocin that inhibits the growth of food-borne pathogens L. monocytogenes and Clostridium perfringens in Spanish dry-fermented sausages (Nieto-Lozano et al., 2010). In addition, P. pentosaceus showed strong inhibitory effect against S. aureus (Erdogrul et al., 2002). P. pentosaceus and P. acidilactici are commonly used as starters in the United States in producing dry sausages (Rantsiou and Cocolin, 2006). Besides bacteriocines, some strains of pediococci produce EPS (Semjonovs and Zikmanis, 2008). The low frequency of isolation of pediococci is correlated with the results obtained for Bosnian Sudzuk, Alheira sausage and Croatian sausage (Albano et al., 2009; Kozachinski et al., 2008). In Petrovac sausages produced from hot deboned meat, pediococci were isolated at the highest percentage after ninth day of production process (Danilovic et al., 2011).

Total isolated LAB microbiota constituted L. brevis (37.9%), L. plantarum (34.7%), L. mesenteroides (26.4%) and P. pentosaceus (0.8%). Sausages prepared without starter cultures (H1 and H2) were characterised by the prevalence of leuconostoc spp. during the first 15 days of fermentation regardless of temperature. Complete replacement of leuconostoc spp. was observed after 15 days and lactobacilli were the dominant microbiota. On the 60th day of production process, L. plantarum rapidly increased up to 80% in sausages H1, while in sausages H2, almost equal distribution of L. brevis and L. plantarum was detected. Later stages of production process were characterised by the prevalence of L. plantarum. P. pentosaceus was isolated only from sausages H2 in a 90-day-old sample with a representation of 1.4% (Figure 3). On the other hand, in sausages prepared with the addition of combined starter cultures of S. xylosus and L. plantarum (sausages I1 and I2), the highest percentage of leuconostoc strains was detected only in the meat batter. Leuconostoc spp. decreased immediately after preparation of sausage mixture but remained still up to the 15th day of production in sausages I1 and up to the 60th day of production in sausages I2. After this period, depletion of leuconostoc strain was observed and lactobacilli were the dominant microbiota (Figure 3). Pediococci were isolated only at the end of production process in sausages I2 with a share of 1%. In sausages prepared with the addition of starter culture of S. xylosus (sausages J1 and J2), the domination of L. brevis was detected at all stages of production process except in the meat batter, where the full presence of L. mesenteroides (100%) was detected. P. pentosaceus was detected on the 60th and 90th day of production in sausages J1 and J2, respectively. This increase in the content of lactobacilli was observed during production, with the presence of 100% lactobacilli in the sample after 120 days of production.

Figure 3. Changes in microbial population during the production of Petrovac sausages prepared without starter cultures (sausages H), with combined starter cultures of S. xylosus and L. plantarum (sausages I) and with starter culture of S. xylosus (sausages J) produced at 14–16°C (samples with tag 1) and ~10°C (samples with tag 2).

During the production of Petrovac sausage, the prevalence of L. mesenteroides was observed in the meat batter prepared with and without adding starter cultures. Also, L. mesenteroides strains were present during the early stages of fermentation process regardless of temperature. The high frequency of L. mesenteroides at the beginning of production process was in accordance with the results obtained for Serbian traditional fermented sausages Sremski kulen, Lemeski kulen (Vasilev et al., 2015) and Užička sausage (Borovic et al., 2017). On the contrary, these results were not in accordance with the results obtained for Italian fermented sausage (Comi et al., 2005; Urso et al., 2006), where low frequency of leuconostoc spp. was detected at the beginning of the production process. Regardless of the production conditions, in all sausages, lactobacilli were the dominant microbiota from 15 days till the end of production process. This is in accordance with the results obtained for Užička sausage (Borovic et al., 2017). Also, the high frequency of lactobacilli was presented in Sremski and Lemeški kulen (77.1 and 54.3%, respectively). L. brevis was the most dominant lactobacilli species in these sausages (61.5% and 57.9%, respectively) (Vasilev et al., 2015). High frequency of L. brevis was in accordance with the results obtained for traditional fermented Užička sausage (Borovic et al., 2017); P. pentosaceus was isolated in the smallest percentage in the final stages of production, while in sausages ripened under traditional and controlled conditions, pediococci were present only in the meat batter (1.7% of the total microbiota) (Danilovic et al., 2018). Pediococci were isolated in small percentage from Iberian dry-fermented sausages—Salcichon and Chorizo (Benito et al., 2008) and Italian fermented sausages—Salami (Bonomo et al., 2008). On the contrary, Pediococci were isolated at high frequency from the fermented sausages produced in the United States, where P. acidilactici and P. pentosaceus are commonly added as starter cultures (Anba-Mondoloni et al., 2015).

Conclusion

Petrovac sausage is an artisanal Serbian sausage appreciated for its sensory characteristics. In order to preserve the quality of the industrial production process, there is a need to understand the effect of starter cultures on the level of microbiota and composition. The results indicate that application of starter culture S. xylosus and combined starter culture S. xylosus and L. plantarum didn’t influence the total number of LAB during process. On the other hand, temperature range of 14–16°C increased the number of staphylococci, compared with the application of ~10°C temperature. Comparison of the effect of different starter cultures with the composition of microbiota resulted in the achievement of similar microbiota composition as for traditional sausages when combined starter culture was used. According to the results, combined starter culture of S. xylosus and L. plantarum could be the most promising solution for the production of Petrovac sausage, although further sensory analysis is required to be conducted.

Acknowledgments

This work was performed at the Faculty of Technology, University of Nis, Leskovac, Republic of Serbia, and funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, Grant No. 451-03-68/2021-14/200133.

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